Chapter 10 Nervous System Part 1 Flashcards
Main Cell types of Nervous system?
Neuron & Neuroglia
The Peripheral Nervous system is made up of
Cranial & Spinal Nerves
(bundles of neurons)
AND GANGLIA
Is sensory Afferent or Efferent
Afferent
What does the function of the Nervous System?
-Sensory information
-Detects changes
-Processes info–> decision making
+though process
+Memory storage/learning
Is motor Afferent or Efferent
Efferent
Effuck u sticks middle finger out
Describe the Afferent division process when used
Receptors take in stimuli, convert to impulses—>to CNS—> stimulation is integrated into meaning ex; adds memory, produce thoughts—> conscious/subconscious thoughts made by motor functions
Describe the Efferent division process when used
Impulses from CNS carry OUT info to motor functions—>muscle contractions
What is contained in the cell body
Microfilaments
Branched receptive
surfaces; a neuron may have many
Dendrites
Transmits impulses and
releases neurotransmitters to another
neuron or effector (another neuron, a muscle cell, or a gland cell)
What Part of Neuron is this?
Axon
What is a neuroglia function?
Protect, support
What is a neurons function?
-Conducts impulses
-detect changes
-Many processes extend from cell
body (many dendrites, 1 axon)
-99% of neurons
-Most neurons of CNS, some in
autonomic NS
a.Multipolar b. Bipolar c. Unipolar
Multipolar Neuron
-Two processes extend from cell body
(1 dendrite, 1 axon)
-Not that common
-Eyes, ears, nose
a..Multipolar b. Bipolar c. Unipolar
Bipolar Neuron
-One process extends from cell body
-Two branches that function as 1 axon
(peripheral and central processes)
-Cell bodies are mainly found in
ganglia of PNS
a.Multipolar b. Bipolar c. Unipolar
Unipolar axon
What are the two divisions in Motor
Somatic & Autonomic
Gaps in Myelin Sheath between Schwann cells
Nodes of Ranvier
Wrapped coating around some PNS axons , composed of layers of Schwann cell membranes and myelin; electrical insulator
Myelin Sheath
Mixture of fats & proteins that fill layers made by Schwann cell membranes
Myelin
Myelinated axons produce a ______ speed for electrical impulses
quicker
Groups of unmyelinatd axons in CNS comprise _____ matter
Gray
Function
-Connects neurons to blood vessels, exchanges nutrients and growth factors
-Forms scar tissue
-Regulates ion concentrations such as K+
-Blood Brain Barrier
Which Neuroglia Am I?
Astrocytes
rows along axons(nerve fibers), myelinate CNS axons in the brain and spinal cord AND provide STRUCTURAL SUPPORT What am I?
Oligodendrocytes
Small, fewer processes, SCATTERED through CNSPhagocytic cells; also provide structural support
What am I?
Microglia
Satellite Cells Define
Provide nutritional SUPPORT and help REGULATE concentrations of ions (neuron cell bodies w/ganglia)
What is Resting Membrane Potential?
Charge within the cell is “-70mV”
Aka more NEGATIVE than positive
More Na+ outside(positive) than inside K+(inside cell) BUT IS NORMAL this is OG SETTING
Whats the number to the Na+/k+ pump
3 Na+ OUT of the cell and 2 K+ ions INTO the cell
What function does the medulla have?
breathing, blood pressure, heart rate,
What function does the pons have?
Relays and regulates signals
Balance and movement are functions from the ______?
Cerebellum
What is the function from the midbrain?
Alertness
Sleep/Wake cycle (circadian rhythim)
Motor Activity
Sensory and motor information by the ______?
Thalamus
Major control over the endocrine system
Hypothalamus
Whats the difference between the SNS and ANS?
SNS
-Motor functions ex:skeletal muscles
-voluntary actions
-Somatic reflexes (ouch hot!)
ANS
-Internal environment
-Breathing, dilate, secrete, digest, repeat
-Endocrine, smooth, cardiac muscle
What systems does the ANS also have?
Sympathetic & Parasympathetic
Increased heart and breathing rate makes it the _____ system
a.parasympathetic b.sympathetic
b. Sympathetic
what are the roles of neuroglia cells?
-Maintain blood brain barrier
-myelin
-cerebrospinal fluid
-
What do INTERneurons do?
They link neurons to the CNS, are multipolar, and relay information from one part of the CNS to another
Na+ going Inside of neuron, causing a positive voltage of +20/30
a. Hyperpolorization b. depolarization c.repolorization d. threshold
DEPOLORIZATION
STAR shaped cells, found between neurons and blood cells. Supports/holds structures together
What am I?
Astrocytes
cuboidal/columnar cells
Which Neuroglia am I?
Ependyma
_____synaptic neuron - neurontransmitter at synapse
POST
Define Polarity
The difference inside and outside the neuron
Define Polarized
Define Gradient
P; Electrically charged neuron (normal state)
G; high to low concentration
What are the 4 types of Neuroglia?
Oligodendrocytes, Astrocytes, Microglia, Ependyma
Positive potassium(k+) to low voltage (-95) leaving cell. Returning to resting potential after action potential. K+ channels open, K+ ions rush out making neuron neg but to normal
a. Hyperpolorization b. depolarization c.repolorization d. threshold
Repolorization
Opens all sodium channels
a. Hyperpolorization b. depolarization c.repolorization d. threshold
Threshold Potential (-55mv)
Slight overshoot at end of repolarization, in which
potential DROPS BELOW −70 mV for A MOMENT before returning to −70 mV. Potassium is leaving from channels staying open for too long
a. Hyperpolorization b. depolarization c.repolorization d. threshold
Hyperpolorization
Define threshold potential
If enough of stimulation such as sodium(Na+) going in neuron, it reaches its highest charge of -55mV that eventually leads to +30 charge equalling result of action potential
What is refectory period?
When a neuron cannot generate another action potential after doing one
What is Relative Refectory Period?
One out of TWO cases:
- ONLY on high intensity stimulus periods, generates another action potential
- Repolarization is NOT complete, and membrane is re-establishing resting potential. Finishing incomplete job
Myeling is rich in _____ and prevents ions from crossing the membrane
Lipids
What is synaptic transmission
The transmission of a nerve impulse from one neuron to another
Released neurotransmitters cross the _______ and react with specific receptors int eh membrane of postsynaptic neuron
Synaptic Cleft
_______ _________ Increase permeablility to Na+ ions, bringing membrane CLOSER to threshold; increase LIKELIHOOD of generation more impulses
Excitatory Neurotransmitters
_______ ________ move membrane FARTHER from threshold to decrease likelihood of generating impulses
Inhibitory Neurotransmitters
What happens to a neuron that does convergence?
Its when ONE neuron receives input from several neurons
Basically collecting to sum up the impulses
What happens to a neuron that does divergence?
ONE neuron sends impulses to several neurons
