Chapter 10 Nervous System Part 1 Flashcards by Jannet :P

Main Cell types of Nervous system?

Neuron & Neuroglia

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The Peripheral Nervous system is made up of

Cranial & Spinal Nerves
(bundles of neurons)

AND GANGLIA

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Is sensory Afferent or Efferent

Afferent

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What does the function of the Nervous System?

-Sensory information
-Detects changes
-Processes info–> decision making
+though process
+Memory storage/learning

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Is motor Afferent or Efferent

Efferent
Effuck u sticks middle finger out

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Describe the Afferent division process when used

Receptors take in stimuli, convert to impulses—>to CNS—> stimulation is integrated into meaning ex; adds memory, produce thoughts—> conscious/subconscious thoughts made by motor functions

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Describe the Efferent division process when used

Impulses from CNS carry OUT info to motor functions—>muscle contractions

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What is contained in the cell body

Microfilaments

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Branched receptive
surfaces; a neuron may have many

Dendrites

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Transmits impulses and
releases neurotransmitters to another
neuron or effector (another neuron, a muscle cell, or a gland cell)
What Part of Neuron is this?

Axon

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What is a neuroglia function?

Protect, support

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What is a neurons function?

-Conducts impulses
-detect changes

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-Many processes extend from cell
body (many dendrites, 1 axon)
-99% of neurons
-Most neurons of CNS, some in
autonomic NS

a.Multipolar b. Bipolar c. Unipolar

Multipolar Neuron

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-Two processes extend from cell body
(1 dendrite, 1 axon)
-Not that common
-Eyes, ears, nose

a..Multipolar b. Bipolar c. Unipolar

Bipolar Neuron

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-One process extends from cell body
-Two branches that function as 1 axon
(peripheral and central processes)
-Cell bodies are mainly found in
ganglia of PNS

a.Multipolar b. Bipolar c. Unipolar

Unipolar axon

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What are the two divisions in Motor

Somatic & Autonomic

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Gaps in Myelin Sheath between Schwann cells

Nodes of Ranvier

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Wrapped coating around some PNS axons , composed of layers of Schwann cell membranes and myelin; electrical insulator

Myelin Sheath

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Mixture of fats & proteins that fill layers made by Schwann cell membranes

Myelin

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Myelinated axons produce a ______ speed for electrical impulses

quicker

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Groups of unmyelinatd axons in CNS comprise _____ matter

Gray

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Function
-Connects neurons to blood vessels, exchanges nutrients and growth factors
-Forms scar tissue
-Regulates ion concentrations such as K+
-Blood Brain Barrier

Which Neuroglia Am I?

Astrocytes

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rows along axons(nerve fibers), myelinate CNS axons in the brain and spinal cord AND provide STRUCTURAL SUPPORT What am I?

Oligodendrocytes

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Small, fewer processes, SCATTERED through CNSPhagocytic cells; also provide structural support
What am I?

Microglia

Satellite Cells Define

Provide nutritional SUPPORT and help REGULATE concentrations of ions (neuron cell bodies w/ganglia)

What is Resting Membrane Potential?

Charge within the cell is "-70mV" Aka more NEGATIVE than positive More Na+ outside(positive) than inside K+(inside cell) BUT IS NORMAL this is OG SETTING

Whats the number to the Na+/k+ pump

3 Na+ OUT of the cell and 2 K+ ions INTO the cell

What function does the medulla have?

breathing, blood pressure, heart rate,

What function does the pons have?

Relays and regulates signals

Balance and movement are functions from the ______?

Cerebellum

What is the function from the midbrain?

Alertness Sleep/Wake cycle (circadian rhythim) Motor Activity

Sensory and motor information by the ______?

Thalamus

Major control over the endocrine system

Hypothalamus

Whats the difference between the SNS and ANS?

SNS -Motor functions ex:skeletal muscles -voluntary actions -Somatic reflexes (ouch hot!) ANS -Internal environment -Breathing, dilate, secrete, digest, repeat -Endocrine, smooth, cardiac muscle

What systems does the ANS also have?

Sympathetic & Parasympathetic

Increased heart and breathing rate makes it the _____ system a.parasympathetic b.sympathetic

b. Sympathetic

what are the roles of neuroglia cells?

-Maintain blood brain barrier -myelin -cerebrospinal fluid -

What do INTERneurons do?

They link neurons to the CNS, are multipolar, and relay information from one part of the CNS to another

Na+ going Inside of neuron, causing a positive voltage of +20/30 a. Hyperpolorization b. depolarization c.repolorization d. threshold

DEPOLORIZATION

STAR shaped cells, found between neurons and blood cells. Supports/holds structures together What am I?

Astrocytes

cuboidal/columnar cells Which Neuroglia am I?

Ependyma

_____synaptic neuron - neurontransmitter at synapse

POST

Define Polarity

The difference inside and outside the neuron

Define Polarized Define Gradient

P; Electrically charged neuron (normal state) G; high to low concentration

What are the 4 types of Neuroglia?

Oligodendrocytes, Astrocytes, Microglia, Ependyma

Positive potassium(k+) to low voltage (-95) leaving cell. Returning to resting potential after action potential. K+ channels open, K+ ions rush out making neuron neg but to normal a. Hyperpolorization b. depolarization c.repolorization d. threshold

Repolorization

Opens all sodium channels a. Hyperpolorization b. depolarization c.repolorization d. threshold

Threshold Potential (-55mv)

Slight overshoot at end of repolarization, in which potential DROPS BELOW −70 mV for A MOMENT before returning to −70 mV. Potassium is leaving from channels staying open for too long a. Hyperpolorization b. depolarization c.repolorization d. threshold

Hyperpolorization

Define threshold potential

If enough of stimulation such as sodium(Na+) going in neuron, it reaches its highest charge of -55mV that eventually leads to +30 charge equalling result of action potential

What is refectory period?

When a neuron cannot generate another action potential after doing one

What is Relative Refectory Period?

One out of TWO cases: - ONLY on high intensity stimulus periods, generates another action potential - Repolarization is NOT complete, and membrane is re-establishing resting potential. Finishing incomplete job

Myeling is rich in _____ and prevents ions from crossing the membrane

Lipids

What is synaptic transmission

The transmission of a nerve impulse from one neuron to another

Released neurotransmitters cross the _______ and react with specific receptors int eh membrane of postsynaptic neuron

Synaptic Cleft

_______ _________ Increase permeablility to Na+ ions, bringing membrane CLOSER to threshold; increase LIKELIHOOD of generation more impulses

Excitatory Neurotransmitters

_______ ________ move membrane FARTHER from threshold to decrease likelihood of generating impulses

Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

What happens to a neuron that does convergence?

Its when ONE neuron receives input from several neurons Basically collecting to sum up the impulses

What happens to a neuron that does divergence?

ONE neuron sends impulses to several neurons