Chapter 10 - Motivation and Emotions

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

The wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal.

Question 2

Intrinsic

Answer 2

Arising from internal factors
* Autonomy, mastery, purpose

Stronger than extrinsic motivation

Question 3

Extrinsic

Answer 3

Arising from external factors
* Compensation, punishment, reward

Turning something intrinsic to extrinsic could lead to overjustification effect

Question 4

Overjustification effect

Answer 4

When external rewards reduce a person’s intrinsic motivation to do something they already enjoy

External motivation seems to diminish intrinsic motivation
* Dependence on extrinsic rewards for continued performance
* Intrinsic motivation may be increased with external reinforcement

Question 5

Type of external reinforcement

Answer 5

Physical and verbal

Question 6

Physical reinforcement

Answer 6

reduce internal motivation

Question 7

Verbal reinforcement

Answer 7

inctreases internal motivation

Question 8

Expectation of external reward

Answer 8

Expectation - less likely to be motivated to do it

No expectation - sudden reward leads to wanting to do it again

Question 9

Culture

Answer 9

Collectivistic - benefit from external rewards
Individualistic - benefit from internal motivation

Question 10

Environment affects motivation

Answer 10

Belonging, respect, doability - leads to higher motivation

Question 11

Drive Reduction Theory

Answer 11

• Motivation arises from biological needs (e.g., hunger) that create internal drives
• Behavior is directed towards reducing these drives and achieving homeostasis
• Most simple and direct

Question 12

Arousal Theory

Answer 12

People are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal (excitement or stimulation)

Too much or too little arousal can decrease motivation and performance
* Anxiety vs boredom

Question 13

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs:

Answer 13

Motivation is driven by the fulfillment of needs, starting with basic physiological needs and progressing to self-actualization

Lower-level needs must be satisfied before higher-level psychological and self-fulfillment needs

Most complex and has a lot of moving parts

Question 14

Criticisms of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 14

How does altruism fall into this?

He came back with self-transcendence and said that people typically function in this pyramid but if there’s an external reason it goes to the side

Question 15

Altruism

Answer 15

the act of putting others’ needs or well-being before one’s own, often at personal cost

Question 16

Self-transcendence

Answer 16

individuals go beyond their own personal needs and desires to focus on the welfare of others or a higher purpose

Question 17

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs tiers

Answer 17

1. Physiological - food, water, shelter, warmth
2. Security - Safety, employment, assets
3. Social - Family, friendship, intimacy, belonging
4. Esteem - Self-worth, accomplishment, confidence
5. Self-actualization - inner fullfillment

Question 18

Self-efficacy & how

Answer 18

The belief in one’s ability to successfully complete tasks and reach goals
* Believing you can succeed
* How? Small Wins building up to make self efficacy

Question 19

Task Value & how

Answer 19

The perceived importance, usefulness, or enjoyment of a task.
* Believing the effort is worth it
* How? Make long-term goals to understand it will work out

Question 20

Hunger and Thirst

Answer 20

Applies to drive reduction theory

Question 21

Before Eating

Answer 21

Empty stomach → stomach contracts → hunger pangs and secretion of chemical messages that travel to the brain as a signal to initiation feeding behavior

Low blood glucose levels → pancreas and liver generate chemical signals that induce hunger to initiate feeding behavior

Question 22

After Eating

Answer 22

Satiation: Feeling of fullness and satisfaction causing eating behavior to stop.

1. Increase in blood glucose levels → pancreas and liver send signals to shut off hunger and eating.
2. Food passes through the gastrointestinal tract → satiety signals are sent to the brain.
3. Fat cells release leptin (satiety hormone).

Question 23

Emotional and Social Influences or hunger and thirst

Answer 23

social settings -eating with others increases eating

emotions - stress eating or skipping meals

Question 24

Delayed Gratification for Hunger and Thirst

Answer 24

Sometimes we override hunger or thirst to focus on other priorities, but eventually, these needs must be met.

Question 25

Overeating for Hunger and Thirst

Answer 25

Overeating can lead to fatigue and lethargy, reducing motivation for other activities and goals.

Question 26

Tryptophan

Answer 26

amino acid in turkey and bananas that explains why thanksgiving makes you sleepy

Tryptophan → Serotonin → melatonin

Question 27

Emotion

Answer 27

A subjective state of being that occurs in response to something we experience internally or externally.

Question 28

Mood

Answer 28

A prolonged, less intense affective state that does not occur in response to something we experienced.

Question 29

Components of Emotions

Answer 29

Physiological arousal, psychological appraisal, subjective experience

Question 30

Physiological Arousal

Answer 30

The body’s physical reactions to a situation
* Ex. Increased heart rate, rapid breathing, sweating

Question 31

Psychological Appraisal

Answer 31

The mental process of evaluating or interpreting a situation to make sense of what’s happening and determine its significance
* Ex. Risk assessment - gauge what the danger is

Question 32

Subjective Experiences

Answer 32

The personal, internal feelings or reactions that arise from an event, which can vary greatly from one individual to another
* Ex. Previous experiences - i’ve heard these noises before

Question 33

James-Lange Theory

Answer 33

Emotions arise from physiological arousal

X → Physiological response → Emotion

If you see a snake → it causes a physiological response → you feel the emotion

Long like Snake

Question 34

Cannon-Bard Theory

Answer 34

Emotions and physiological arousal occur simultaneously and independently

X → Physiological Response & Emotion

If you see a snake your heart will race but you will fear at the same time, not caused by each other

Canon camera

Question 35

Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory

Answer 35

Emotions are determined by physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal of the situation

X → Physiological Response & Psychological Appraisal → Emotion

Seeing a snake causing physical response and risk assessment leading to emotion

Seeing a picture of a women you would access what she’s doing (no it’s an opera singer)

Question 36

Lazarus’ Cognitive-Mediational Theory

Answer 36

Emotions are influenced by the appraisal of a situation, which determines the emotional response before physiological arousal occurs

X → Psychological Appraisal → Emotion

You do risk assessment first then you feel fear.

Sitting with yourself to meditate situation

Question 37

Cultural display rule

Answer 37

The social norms and expectations that dictate how emotions should be expressed in different cultural contexts.
* Individuals from the U.S. express negative emotions (fear and anger) alone and in the presence of others
* Individuals from Japan only do so while alone

Question 38

Emotionality

Answer 38

The intensity and range of emotional experiences a person has.
* Some evidence that people of different genders differ in emotionality (still a debate)

Question 39

Facial expressions are…

Answer 39

universal

Certain emotions (happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust) are expressed similarly across different cultures and societies.