Chapter 1 Test Flashcards
Anatomy
study of structures and the relationships among structures
Physiology
study of functions of body parts, how the body works
Levels of Organization
The structural hierarchy of the body, including chemicals, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and the organism.
The tiny particles chemicals consist of
Atoms
Cells
the basic unit of life
a group of specialized cells that assemble into layers or masses with specific functions
tissue
groups of different tissues that are complex structures with specialized functions
organ
Interacting organ systems, highest level of organization, makes up a total organism
Organismal level
Sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body
Metabolism
conditions in which the body’s internal environment remains within certain physiological limits
Homeostasis
Motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells or structures inside cells
Movement
ability to detect and respond to changes in the internal or external environment
Responsiveness
Increase in size, increase in size of existing cells, number of cells, or amount of substance surrounding cells
Growth
either the formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement and production of new individual
Reproduction
the exchange of gases between the atmosphere, blood, and cells
Respiration
breaking down substances to be absorbed
Digestion
process by which nutrient molecules pass through the wall of the digestive system into the blood
Absorption
movement of substances in body fluids
Circulation
absorption of vitamins, minerals, and other chemicals from food
Assimilation
elimination of metabolic wastes from the internal environment
Excretion
The standard reference position for the body in which the body is standing upright, facing forward, with the arms at the sides and palms facing forward.
Anatomical position
The external covering of the body, including skin, hair, and nails.
Integumentary system
The body system that supports and protects the body and allows for movement, consisting of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints.
Skeletal system
The body system that enables movement of the body and internal organs, composed of muscles and tendons.
Muscular system
The body system that controls and coordinates body activities by detecting stimuli and sending signals through the body, composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors.
Nervous system
The body system that regulates body activities by releasing hormones, composed of glands such as the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands.
Endocrine system