Chapter 1 Test Flashcards by Sidney B

Anatomy

study of structures and the relationships among structures

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Physiology

study of functions of body parts, how the body works

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Levels of Organization

The structural hierarchy of the body, including chemicals, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and the organism.

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The tiny particles chemicals consist of

Atoms

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Cells

the basic unit of life

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a group of specialized cells that assemble into layers or masses with specific functions

tissue

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groups of different tissues that are complex structures with specialized functions

organ

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Interacting organ systems, highest level of organization, makes up a total organism

Organismal level

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Sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body

Metabolism

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conditions in which the body’s internal environment remains within certain physiological limits

Homeostasis

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Motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells or structures inside cells

Movement

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ability to detect and respond to changes in the internal or external environment

Responsiveness

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Increase in size, increase in size of existing cells, number of cells, or amount of substance surrounding cells

Growth

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either the formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement and production of new individual

Reproduction

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the exchange of gases between the atmosphere, blood, and cells

Respiration

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breaking down substances to be absorbed

Digestion

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process by which nutrient molecules pass through the wall of the digestive system into the blood

Absorption

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movement of substances in body fluids

Circulation

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absorption of vitamins, minerals, and other chemicals from food

Assimilation

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elimination of metabolic wastes from the internal environment

Excretion

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The standard reference position for the body in which the body is standing upright, facing forward, with the arms at the sides and palms facing forward.

Anatomical position

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The external covering of the body, including skin, hair, and nails.

Integumentary system

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The body system that supports and protects the body and allows for movement, consisting of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints.

Skeletal system

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The body system that enables movement of the body and internal organs, composed of muscles and tendons.

Muscular system

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The body system that controls and coordinates body activities by detecting stimuli and sending signals through the body, composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors.

Nervous system

The body system that regulates body activities by releasing hormones, composed of glands such as the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands.

Endocrine system

4 basic types of tissue in the body

epithelium, muscle, connective, nervous

The body system responsible for the circulation of blood and transport of nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and wastes, composed of the heart and blood vessels. `

Cardiovascular system

The body system that helps rid the body of toxins, waste, and other unwanted materials, composed of lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, and lymphoid organs.

Lymphatic system

The body system that processes food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates waste, composed of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and associated organs.

Digestive system

The body system responsible for the exchange of gases between the blood and the air, composed of the lungs and air passages.

Respiratory system

The body system responsible for the production, storage, and elimination of urine, composed of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

Urinary system

The body system responsible for the production of offspring, composed of the gonads and associated structures.

Reproductive system

covers the body surface and lines its cavities

epithelium tissues

made of cells capable of contracting.

muscle tissue

provides support for your body and connects all its parts

connective tissue

senses stimuli and transmits signals

nervous tissue

toward the head, upper part of a structure ex. the heart is ________ to the stomach

Superior

away from the head, lower part of the structure ex. the neck is _________ to the skull

Inferior

nearer to or at the front of the body ex. the heart is ________ to the vertebrae

nearer to or at the back of the body ex. the esophagus is _______ to the trachea

Posterior

nearer to the midline of the body, midline is an imaginary vertical line dividing the body into equal left and right halves

medial

farther from the midline of the body

lateral

between structures

intermediate

nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk of a structure, nearer to the point of origin

Proximal

farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk or a structure, farther from the point of origin

distal

away from the surface of the body

Deep

divides the body into right and left sides

Sagittal

divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

Frontal or Coronal

horizontal, divides the body into superior and inferior portions

transverse

Body Cavity located near the posterior surface and is comprised of two cavities

Dorsal Body Cavity

Dorsal Body Cavities

Cranial and Spinal

Cavity formed by cranial bones, houses the brain and its coverings

Cranial Cavity

Formed by the vertebrae and contains the spinal cord and its coverings and Spinal nerves

Spinal Cavity

Body Cavity located on the anterior portion of the body, contains organs that is collectively known as the viscera. Comprised of two cavities.

Ventral Body Cavity

Ventral Body Cavities

Thoracic and Abdominal Pelvic

upper portion of the ventral Cavity, chest cavity, diaphragm separates it from the abdominal cavity, subdivided into the plural cavity and the pericardial cavity.

thoracic cavity

lower portion of the ventral Body Cavity, subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavity

Abdominal Pelvic Cavity

Self regulating systems that monitors aspects of the internal environment and correct them as needed

Homeostatic Mechanism

3 parts of a homeostatic mechanism

receptor, control center, effector

detects and provides information about the stimuli

receptor

decision-maker that maintains the set point

control center

muscle or gland that responds to the control center, and causes the necessary change in the internal environment

Effector

2 examples of homeostasis

-body produces sweat through sweat glands to reduce heat -muscle contractions make you shiver to generate and conserve heat when your cold

Example of negative feedback

When glucose is too high your body releases insulin hormone

Example of positive feedback

Contractions in child labor intensify pressure and hormones to push out the baby.

Why is it important to understand positive and negative feedback?

So we can better understand what's happening when there's a problem in the feedback system.