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Honors Anatomy and Physiology > The Integumentary System > Flashcards

The Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Integumentary System?

A

Skin

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2
Q

What are the three layers of skin?

A

Epidermis, Dermis, Subcutaneous Tissue

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3
Q

Thick Skin

A

-regularly exposed to harsher conditions
-no hair follicles
-no sebaceous glands

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4
Q

Thin Skin

A

-all areas besides palms and feet
-hair follicles
-contains sebaceous glands

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5
Q

What is Hyperthermia?

A

Elevated temperature with an elevated set point, where the body can’t maintain a negative feedback loop causing an imbalance of homeostasis

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6
Q

What are the 5 functions of skin?

A
  1. Regulation of Body Temperature
  2. Protection
  3. Sensation
  4. Excretion
  5. Vitamin D Production
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7
Q

Outer Part of the Skin?

A

-dead cells that shed constantly corneocytes
-has keratin that helps waterproof and protect deeper layers

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8
Q

Inner Part of the Skin?

A

-living cells that constantly divide
-attached to dermis

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9
Q

dead skin cells

A

corneocytes

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10
Q

Pigmented Cells

A

melanocytes

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11
Q

Protect from foreign pathogens

A

Langerhans Cells

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12
Q

Water Barrier Cells

A

Keratinocytes

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13
Q

Sensory Cells

A

Merkel Cells

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14
Q

Forms barrier between epidermis and dermis

A

Basal Cells

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15
Q

Second layer of skin

A

Dermis

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16
Q

Dermis is part of the skin that allows for stretching during . . .

A

injury, weight gain, pregnancy

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17
Q

Top part of the dermis forms ridges called __________ which produce projections that are either __________, ___________, or _______________

A

fingerprints; looped, arched, or whorled

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18
Q

Purpose of Fingerprints

A

-help increase friction and enhance gripping of fingers and feet
-determined genetically
-everyone has a different pattern
-fingerprints are left behind from a film of sweat on fingers

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19
Q

Sudoriferous (sweat glands)

A

-produce perspiration
-main function is to help regulate body temperature and to eliminate waste

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20
Q

Sebaceous (oil glands)

A

secretes sebum, an oily substance that keeps hair from drying out and prevents excessive evaporation of water from the skin
-keeps skin soft
-Inhibits growth of bacteria
-production increase at puberty

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21
Q

the connective tissue layer that surrounds the root

A

Hair follicle

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22
Q

superficial portion that projects above the surface of skin

A

Hair shaft

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23
Q

The portion of the hair that is below the surface

A

Hair Root

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24
Q

the base of the hair shaft

A

Hair Bulb

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25
Q

A muscle that attacks the hair follicle and makes goosebumps

A

Arrector Pili

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26
Q

Corpuscles

A

Nerve Endings

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27
Q

Free Nerve Endings

A

Pain, heat, cold

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28
Q

Merkel Disks

A

touch

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29
Q

Meissner Corpuscles

A

light touch

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30
Q

Hypodermis

A

-3rd layer of skin
-aka subcutaneous (sub Q)
-made of adipose tissue
-thicker in women
-long-term energy supply, reservoir
-Insulates

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31
Q

Fingernails and toenails are made up of . . .

A

tightly packed, hard, keratinized cells of the epidermis

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32
Q

Skin accessories . . .

A

nails and hair

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33
Q

Purpose of nails

A

-aid in grasping and manipulation of objects
-protects the end of the fingers/toes
-helps scratch parts of the body

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34
Q

Melanin

A

Brownish-black pigment in melanocytes of the epidermis/reddish-yellow in lips

35
Q

Carotene

A

yellow to orange pigment found in plants like carrots accumulate in fatty tissues
-color becomes more intense when larger amounts of these foods are consumed

36
Q

Hemoglobin

A

blood in the dermal vessels affect the color

37
Q

Albinism

A

inherited inability to produce melanin, absence of pigment in hair and eyes also

38
Q

Freckles

A

localized pigment accumullation

39
Q

Malignant Melanoma

A

cancer due to overexposure of UV radiation

40
Q

Jaundice

A

yellowish discoloration due to liver dysfunction

41
Q

Bruises

A

black and blue marks where blood has escaped from circulation and clotted beneath the skin

42
Q

Dark hair color

A

true melanin

43
Q

Blond or Red

A

variants of melanin that has more Iron and Sulfur

44
Q

Gray

A

decline in synthesis of melanin

45
Q

White

A

Air bubbles in the hair shaft

46
Q

Hair Strength

A

The Hair shaft is primarilly responsible for our hair’s strength. Other components that add strength include; keratin, fat cells, cuticle = outermost portion of hair fiber

47
Q

We lose ___ hairs per day

A

100+

48
Q

Hair loss rate can be affected by . .

A

-Illness
-Radiation or chemo
-Diet
-Age
-Genetics
-Gender
-Emotional Stress

49
Q

Male Pattern Baldness (true baldness)

A

genetically determined, sex-influenced trait, trait influenced by hormones

50
Q

Alopecia

A

Can be temporarily or permanent, can be the result of heredity, hormonal changes, medical conditions, or a normal part of aging

51
Q

Blackheads

A

form when dead skin cells and sebum collect a bump in the opening around the hair. The Skin over h bump is open to air which causes the oil and dead skin to oxidize and turn black.

52
Q

Whiteheads

A

same as blackheads except the skin over the pore stays closed so no oxidation occurs

53
Q

Pimples or boils

A

form because sebum is nutritive to some bacteria

54
Q

common skin disease that affects 80% of people caused by overproduction of sebum which causes a variety of pimples, blackheads, and whiteheads

A

Acne

55
Q

Burns

A

tissue damage caused by excessive heat, electricity, radioactivity, or corrosive chemicals
-disrupts homeostasis by destroying the protection afforded by skin

56
Q

Aging: Elastic FIbers lose __________ and form indentations of the skin __________

A

elasticity, wrinkles

57
Q

Aging: Hair and Nail growth slows _____________ cell numbers decrease, decreasing immune response.

A

Langerhans

58
Q

Aging: Sebaceous glands decrease in size which leads to ___________

A

dry skin

59
Q

Aging: Melanocyte function decreases which causes _________

A

grey hair

60
Q

Aging: Some melanocytes increase in size and produce ____________ of hair

A

blotching

61
Q

Aging skin heals _____ and ________

A

slowly and poorly

62
Q

Tissue repair occurs in 2 major ways

A

Regeneration and Fibrosis

63
Q

Regeneration

A

replacement of tissue by the same kind of cells

64
Q

Fibrosis

A

Replacement of tissue by scar tissue

65
Q

Epidermal wound healing

A

cells in the lower epidermis enlarge and migrate across the wound site

66
Q

Deep wound healing

A

involve damage to the dermis (takes longer to heal)

67
Q

Inflammatory Response

A

generalized and non-specific, helps prevent further injury

68
Q

Immune Response

A

very specific response to fight toxins that could have entered the body
-toxins include bacteria, viruses, and dirt

69
Q

wounds of the epidermis

A

epithelial cells divide more rapidly than usual and newly formed cells fill the gap

70
Q

blood vessels are broken and blood forms _____ in the wound. _____ start to form. Then the blood vessels near the wound ______. Next, white blood cells speed to the site to fight off any __________. Skin cells migrate to the wound and start to ________ and fill in the gap. Eventually the scab ____ ___ exposing new skin.

A

Dermal or hypodermal wounds= clots, scabs, dilate, infection, multiply, falls off

71
Q

God and Skin Color

A

God didn’t really create different skin tones, but he created us in his image (Genesis 9:6) with the genetic possibility for different skin tones.

72
Q

Why did God give us Skin?

A

to protect us specifically our internal body parts

73
Q

Protein beneath epithelial cells?

A

Laminin, transmembrane adhesion proteins hold us together and God wants to hold all things together to protect us.

74
Q

15 The Son is the image of the invisible God, the firstborn over all creation. 16 For in him all things were created: things in heaven and on earth, visible and invisible, whether thrones or powers or rulers or authorities; all things have been created through him and for him. 17 He is before all things, and in him all things hold together.

A

colossians 1:15-17

75
Q

a complx organ that covers and protects the body in many ways

A

skin

76
Q

what is the outer, thinner layer of skin called

A

epidermis

77
Q

what is the epidermis composed of

A

melanocytes, keratinocytes, langerhans cells, corneocytes, basal cells dead skin layer, and living cells merkel cells

78
Q

Epidermal cells contain a protein _________ that helps waterproof and protect cell layers beneath. They also contain __________, a cell pigment that colors the skin and protects cells from solar radiation.

A

Keratin, Melanin

79
Q

What is the inner, thicker skin layer called?

A

Dermis

80
Q

What structures does the Dermis contain?

A

blood vessels, nerve endings, hair follicles, and glands

81
Q

narrow cavities in the dermis in which hair grows

A

hair folicle

82
Q

structures or conditions needed for regulation of body temp

A

blood vessels and sweat glands

83
Q

structures or conditions needed for protection

A

epidermal cells and skin bacteria

84
Q

structures or conditions needed for sensation

A

nerve cells, central nervous system, and stimuli from environment

Honors Anatomy and Physiology (8 decks)

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