The Integumentary System Flashcards by Sidney B

What is the Integumentary System?

Skin

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What are the three layers of skin?

Epidermis, Dermis, Subcutaneous Tissue

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Thick Skin

-regularly exposed to harsher conditions
-no hair follicles
-no sebaceous glands

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Thin Skin

-all areas besides palms and feet
-hair follicles
-contains sebaceous glands

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What is Hyperthermia?

Elevated temperature with an elevated set point, where the body can’t maintain a negative feedback loop causing an imbalance of homeostasis

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What are the 5 functions of skin?

Regulation of Body Temperature
Protection
Sensation
Excretion
Vitamin D Production

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Outer Part of the Skin?

-dead cells that shed constantly corneocytes
-has keratin that helps waterproof and protect deeper layers

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Inner Part of the Skin?

-living cells that constantly divide
-attached to dermis

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dead skin cells

corneocytes

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Pigmented Cells

melanocytes

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Protect from foreign pathogens

Langerhans Cells

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Water Barrier Cells

Keratinocytes

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Sensory Cells

Merkel Cells

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Forms barrier between epidermis and dermis

Basal Cells

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Second layer of skin

Dermis

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Dermis is part of the skin that allows for stretching during . . .

injury, weight gain, pregnancy

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Top part of the dermis forms ridges called __________ which produce projections that are either __________, ___________, or _______________

fingerprints; looped, arched, or whorled

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Purpose of Fingerprints

-help increase friction and enhance gripping of fingers and feet
-determined genetically
-everyone has a different pattern
-fingerprints are left behind from a film of sweat on fingers

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Sudoriferous (sweat glands)

-produce perspiration
-main function is to help regulate body temperature and to eliminate waste

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Sebaceous (oil glands)

secretes sebum, an oily substance that keeps hair from drying out and prevents excessive evaporation of water from the skin
-keeps skin soft
-Inhibits growth of bacteria
-production increase at puberty

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the connective tissue layer that surrounds the root

Hair follicle

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superficial portion that projects above the surface of skin

Hair shaft

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The portion of the hair that is below the surface

Hair Root

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the base of the hair shaft

Hair Bulb

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A muscle that attacks the hair follicle and makes goosebumps

Arrector Pili

Corpuscles

Nerve Endings

Free Nerve Endings

Pain, heat, cold

Merkel Disks

touch

Meissner Corpuscles

light touch

Hypodermis

-3rd layer of skin -aka subcutaneous (sub Q) -made of adipose tissue -thicker in women -long-term energy supply, reservoir -Insulates

Fingernails and toenails are made up of . . .

tightly packed, hard, keratinized cells of the epidermis

Skin accessories . . .

nails and hair

Purpose of nails

-aid in grasping and manipulation of objects -protects the end of the fingers/toes -helps scratch parts of the body

Melanin

Brownish-black pigment in melanocytes of the epidermis/reddish-yellow in lips

Carotene

yellow to orange pigment found in plants like carrots accumulate in fatty tissues -color becomes more intense when larger amounts of these foods are consumed

Hemoglobin

blood in the dermal vessels affect the color

Albinism

inherited inability to produce melanin, absence of pigment in hair and eyes also

Freckles

localized pigment accumullation

Malignant Melanoma

cancer due to overexposure of UV radiation

Jaundice

yellowish discoloration due to liver dysfunction

Bruises

black and blue marks where blood has escaped from circulation and clotted beneath the skin

Dark hair color

true melanin

Blond or Red

variants of melanin that has more Iron and Sulfur

Gray

decline in synthesis of melanin

White

Air bubbles in the hair shaft

Hair Strength

The Hair shaft is primarilly responsible for our hair's strength. Other components that add strength include; keratin, fat cells, cuticle = outermost portion of hair fiber

We lose ___ hairs per day

100+

Hair loss rate can be affected by . .

-Illness -Radiation or chemo -Diet -Age -Genetics -Gender -Emotional Stress

Male Pattern Baldness (true baldness)

genetically determined, sex-influenced trait, trait influenced by hormones

Alopecia

Can be temporarily or permanent, can be the result of heredity, hormonal changes, medical conditions, or a normal part of aging

Blackheads

form when dead skin cells and sebum collect a bump in the opening around the hair. The Skin over h bump is open to air which causes the oil and dead skin to oxidize and turn black.

Whiteheads

same as blackheads except the skin over the pore stays closed so no oxidation occurs

Pimples or boils

form because sebum is nutritive to some bacteria

common skin disease that affects 80% of people caused by overproduction of sebum which causes a variety of pimples, blackheads, and whiteheads

Acne

Burns

tissue damage caused by excessive heat, electricity, radioactivity, or corrosive chemicals -disrupts homeostasis by destroying the protection afforded by skin

Aging: Elastic FIbers lose __________ and form indentations of the skin __________

elasticity, wrinkles

Aging: Hair and Nail growth slows _____________ cell numbers decrease, decreasing immune response.

Langerhans

Aging: Sebaceous glands decrease in size which leads to ___________

dry skin

Aging: Melanocyte function decreases which causes _________

grey hair

Aging: Some melanocytes increase in size and produce ____________ of hair

blotching

Aging skin heals _____ and ________

slowly and poorly

Tissue repair occurs in 2 major ways

Regeneration and Fibrosis

Regeneration

replacement of tissue by the same kind of cells

Fibrosis

Replacement of tissue by scar tissue

Epidermal wound healing

cells in the lower epidermis enlarge and migrate across the wound site

Deep wound healing

involve damage to the dermis (takes longer to heal)

Inflammatory Response

generalized and non-specific, helps prevent further injury

Immune Response

very specific response to fight toxins that could have entered the body -toxins include bacteria, viruses, and dirt

wounds of the epidermis

epithelial cells divide more rapidly than usual and newly formed cells fill the gap

blood vessels are broken and blood forms _____ in the wound. _____ start to form. Then the blood vessels near the wound ______. Next, white blood cells speed to the site to fight off any __________. Skin cells migrate to the wound and start to ________ and fill in the gap. Eventually the scab ____ ___ exposing new skin.

Dermal or hypodermal wounds= clots, scabs, dilate, infection, multiply, falls off

God and Skin Color

God didn't really create different skin tones, but he created us in his image (Genesis 9:6) with the genetic possibility for different skin tones.

Why did God give us Skin?

to protect us specifically our internal body parts

Protein beneath epithelial cells?

Laminin, transmembrane adhesion proteins hold us together and God wants to hold all things together to protect us.

15 The Son is the image of the invisible God, the firstborn over all creation. 16 For in him all things were created: things in heaven and on earth, visible and invisible, whether thrones or powers or rulers or authorities; all things have been created through him and for him. 17 He is before all things, and in him all things hold together.

colossians 1:15-17

a complx organ that covers and protects the body in many ways

skin

what is the outer, thinner layer of skin called

epidermis

what is the epidermis composed of

melanocytes, keratinocytes, langerhans cells, corneocytes, basal cells dead skin layer, and living cells merkel cells

Epidermal cells contain a protein _________ that helps waterproof and protect cell layers beneath. They also contain __________, a cell pigment that colors the skin and protects cells from solar radiation.

Keratin, Melanin

What is the inner, thicker skin layer called?

Dermis

What structures does the Dermis contain?

blood vessels, nerve endings, hair follicles, and glands

narrow cavities in the dermis in which hair grows

hair folicle

structures or conditions needed for regulation of body temp

blood vessels and sweat glands

structures or conditions needed for protection

epidermal cells and skin bacteria

structures or conditions needed for sensation

nerve cells, central nervous system, and stimuli from environment