Chapter 1: schools and perspectives Flashcards
Wilhelm Wundt
Established first psychology research lab in Germany (1879)
1879- official “birth date” of psychology
Studied consciousness through introspection
Edward Titchener
Student of Wundt’s.
Used introspection and studied basic elements of consciousness
Approached studies structuralism, trying to define the STRUCTURE of consciousness
Max Wertheimer
Argued against Wundt’s efforts to break down consciousness
Were called GESTALT PSYCHOLOGISTS
Pointed out phi phenomenon by an experiment with 2 lights that go on and off at the right sequence would appear to jump rather than be separate lights
Sigmund Freud
Explored unconscious and believed all behavior and mental processes have a physical cause somewhere in the nervous system
Psychoanalysis! But not accepted ideas
William James
In accordance to Charles Darwin. Wanted to know how mental events help us adapt to our environment.
FUNCTIONALISM
John Watson
Believed observable behavior of animals and humans is the most important source of scientific info.
Classical conditioning- Baby Albert!!
BEHAVIORISM
Charles Darwin
He argues that the forms of life we see are due to evolution
EVOLUTIONARY APPROACH
Natural selection
Charles Rogers
Rejected the psychodynamic approach and emphasized the
ACTUALIZING TENDENCY- innate inclination towards fulfillment
Abe Maslow
This psychologist shaped and promoted the HUMANISTIC approach through the Hierarchy of needs theory of motivation
Hierarchy of needs theory of motivation
Physiological Safety Belongingness and love Esteem Self actualization
Psychology
The study of the brain and human behavior
Biological psychologists
Psychologists who analyze the biological factors that influence behavior and mental processes
Cognitive psychologists
Psychologists who study the mental processes underlying judgement and other aspects of human thought
Developmental psychologists
Psychologists who seek to understand, describe, and explore how behavior and mental processes change over a lifetime
Personality psychologists
Psychologist who study the characteristics that make individuals similar to or different from one another
Clinical and counseling psychologists
Psychologists who seek to understand and change abnormal behavior
Ex: will conduct research on the causes and treatments of mental disorders
Community psychologists
Psychologists who work to obtain psychological services for people in need of help and to prevent psychological disorders by working for changes in social systems
Ex: will work with local organizations to lower crime, poverty, stress, and improve local schools
Health psychologists
Study the effects of behavior and mental processes on health and illness
Ex: connection between smoking and heart disease
School psychologists
Tests IQ, diagnose students academic problems, set up programs to improve students achievement
Ex: mentorship programs
Social psychologists
Study how people influence one another’s behaviors and mental processes individually and in groups.
Ex: prejudice
Industrial and Organizational psychologists
Study ways to improve efficiency, productivity, and satisfaction among workers and the organizations that employ them.
Ex: training programs or goal setting
Quantitative psychologists
Develop and use statistical tools to analyze research data
Ex: relationship between experiences and adult behaviors
Sport psychologists
Explore the relationships between athletic performance and motivation/ emotion.
Ex: Kaya with wrestling
Forensic psychologists
Assist in jury selection, evaluate defendants’ mental competence to stand trial, and deal with other issues involving psychology and the law
