Chapter 1 Flashcards
levels of organization
chemicals →cells →tissues →organs →systems →organism
Integumentary system
protective covering of the body and consists of the skin, hair, and sweat glands
skeletal system
forms the framework of the body, and consists of bones and ligaments
Muscular system
produces movement and maintains posture
Nervous system
transmits impulses to coordinate body activities, chemical messengers that regulate body activities, and consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense receptors
Endocrine system
glands that secrete hormones and chemical messengers that regulate body activities
Cardiovascular system
transports nutrients, hormones, and oxygen and consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels
Lymphatic system
cleanses lymph and returns it to the blood and consists of the tonsils, spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus
Respiratory system
consists of the trachea, bronchi, and lungs
Digestive system
processes food into usable molecules and consists of the esophagus, stomach, liver, and pancreas
Urinary system
removes nitrogenous wastes from the blood and regulates fluid and chemical content of the body
Reproductive system
ovaries and testes
Catabolism
the breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones using the release of energy
Anabolism
the synthesis of complex molecules in living molecules using simpler ones due to the absorption of energy
What is the energy storing compound?
ATP (adenine triphosphate)
examples of extracellular fluid
- blood
- plasma
What is homeostasis?
Homeostasis is the body’s ability to maintain an internal balance
- body is always fighting to stay in optimal variables
Directional Terms
- superior and inferior
- anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal)
- medial and lateral
- proximal and distal
superior and inferior
superior –> above
inferior –> below
anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal)
anterior (ventral) –> front
posterior (dorsal) –> behind
medial and lateral
medial –> inside
lateral –> outside
proximal and distal
proximal –> close to the body
distal –> away from the body
planes of division
- frontal plane
- sagittal plane
- transverse plane
frontal plane
separates anterior from posterior
What is the frontal plane also known as?
coronal plane
sagittal plane
separates right of body from left of body
transverse plane
separates superior from inferior
What muscle separates the thoracic and abdominal cavity?
the diaphram
study of body function and disease
physiology
level of organization of the body
chemicals →cells →tissues →organs →systems →organism
system that transports blood
circulatory system
system that is made of bones and joints
skeletal system
term that defines all reactions that sustain life
metabolism
simple compounds into more complex compounds
anabolic reactions
What reaction is the breakdown of glycogen?
catabolic
principles of negative feedback
what goes up must go down
- sensor –> measures the level of the variable
- control center –> compares sensor inputs with set points
- effector –> increases or decreases activity
- signals –> carry information between the components
negative feedback
keeps the body conditions within a normal range by reversing and upward or downward shifts
organs in dorsal cavity
- cranial
- brain
- spinal chord
principles of homeostasis
- regulated variables that must be kept within a narrow range (set point)
- regulated variables include:
–> body temp
–> volume and composition of body fluids
–> blood levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide
–> blood pressure
organs in abdominopelvic cavity
- stomach
- intestines
- bladder
- kidney
- spleen
- gallbladder
- pancreas
- liver
organs in pelvic cavity
- bladder
- rectum
- internal parts of the reproductive system
- urinary bladder
divisions of the Abdomen and their regions
- Right upper quadrant →right hypochondriac region, right lumbar region, umbilical region, epigastric region
Left upper quadrant →left hypochondriac region, left lumbar region, umbilical region, epigastric region
Right lower quadrant → right lumbar region, right iliac region, umbilical region, hypogastric region
Left lower quadrant → left lumbar region, left iliac region, umbilical region, hypogastric region
cranial
skull
facial
face
cephalic
head
thoracic
chest
brachial
arm
antebrachial
forearm
carpal
wrist
manual
hand
femoral
thigh
crural
leg
pedal
foot
frontal
forehead
ocular
eye
oral
mouth
mammary
breast
axillary
armpit
antecubital
inner elbow
umbilical
navel
inguinal
groin
phalangeal
toes
parietal
crown
occipital
base of skull
cervical
neck
deltoid
lateral shoulder
lumbar
small of back
sacral
sacrum
gluteal
buttock
popliteal
back of knee
plantar
sole of foot
acromial
shoulder
scapular
shoulder blade
iliac
hip
sural
calf
calcaneal
heel
organs in thoracic cavity
heart and lungs
cranial
near or to the head
metabolism
sustains life
patellar
kneecap
tarsal
ankle
