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neuro > chapter 1 > Flashcards

chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

nervous system is comprised of

A

pns & cns

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2
Q

peripheral nervous system is divided into

A

autonomic & somatic ns

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3
Q

autonomic ns is divided into

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic ns

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4
Q

cns is divided into

A

brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

brain is comprised of

A

forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

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6
Q

forebrain is comprised of

A

telencephalon and diencephalon

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7
Q

structures of telencephalon

A

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus, and amygdala

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8
Q

structures of diencephalon

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

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9
Q

midbrain is comprised of

A

mesencephalon

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10
Q

structures of mesencephalon

A

tectum and tegmentum

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11
Q

hindbrain is comprised of

A

metencephalon and myelencephalon

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12
Q

myelencephalon is comprised of

A

medulla

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13
Q

neuron

A

building block of ns, sends signals throughout body, communicate with eachother

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14
Q

components of a neuron

A

dendrites, axons, cell body, myelin sheath, synapse, axon terminal, and nodes of ranvier

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15
Q

efferent nuerons

A

motor; info going from brain to periphery (body parts)

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16
Q

afferent nuerons

A

sensory; info from periphery to brain

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17
Q

synapse

A

communication between 2 nuerons

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18
Q

presynaptic nuerons

A

neuron sending signal to next neuron

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19
Q

postsynaptic neurons

A

neuron receiving signal from previous nueron

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20
Q

dendrites

A

take in info; extensions coming out of cell body

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21
Q

axons

A

extension from cell body that transmits impulses away from neuron

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22
Q

cell body

A

surrounded by a membrane through nutrients enter and wastes can be shed

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23
Q

myelin sheath

A

fatting coating on the axon; speeds neural transmission

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24
Q

axon terminal

A

end portion of a nueron segments on the axon that help

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25
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

speeds up neural transmission

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26
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

tiny pockets on the axon that hold nuerotransmitters

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27
Q

synaptic cleft

A

gap between axon terminal of presynaptic neuron and dendrites of postsynaptic neurons

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28
Q

process of the synapse

A
  1. synthesis
  2. storage
  3. release
  4. receptor interaction
  5. inactivation
  6. reuptake
  7. degradation
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29
Q

synthesis…

A

where the neurotransmitters are made and sent down the axon.

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30
Q

storage

A

transmitter is stored in the terminal for release

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31
Q

release

A

the neurotransmitter is released from the presynaptic neuron into the synapse

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32
Q

receptor interaction

A

the neurotransmitters are received by the postsynaptic neuron. The point of communication

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33
Q

inactivation

A

in some synapses the neurotransmitter is inactivated in the area of the synaptic cleft

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34
Q

reuptake

A

the neurotransmitter is taken back into the presynaptic neuron

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35
Q

degradation

A

neurotransmitters are degraded to control the concentration within the neuron

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36
Q

nucleus

A

cluster of neuron within central nervous sytem

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37
Q

ganglion

A

cluster of neurons within peripheral nervous system
-basal ganglia and caudate nucleus

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38
Q

tract/column/fasiculus/commisure/pathway

A

cluster of neurons in brain or spinal cord with common origin and end point

39
Q

central nervous system consists of

A

brain and spina cord

40
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

spinal nerves and cranial nerves

41
Q

gray matter

A

unmyelinated neurons

42
Q

white matter

A

myelinated neurons

43
Q

spinal cord

A

-carries neural impulses from body to brain and vice versa

44
Q

31 spinal nerves

A

8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal

45
Q

spinal reflex

A

generated when a sensory nerve is stimulated by producing a motor response without relaying signal to the brain

46
Q

3 parts of brainstem

A

midbrain, pons, medulla

47
Q

medulla

A

-lowest part of brainstem
-contains cranial nerve nuclei for nerve 8-12

48
Q

CN8

A

auditory nerve - hearing, orginates between pons and medulla

49
Q

CN9

A

glossopharyngeal - tongue and palatal movements

50
Q

CN10

A

vagus - breathing

51
Q

CN11

A

blood pressure

52
Q

CN12

A

Hypoglossal – speech movements

53
Q

pons

A

-middle part of brainstem; cranial nerves 5-7

54
Q

pons functions

A

chewing, jaw and mandibular movements, and facial movements

55
Q

midbrain

A

upper part of brainstem; cranial nerves 3 & 4

56
Q

functions of midbrain

A

eye movements, postural reflexes, coordination of visual and auditory reflexes

57
Q

location of cerebellum

A

lies behind brainstem and has outer layer of grey matter and inner layer of white matter
-2 large lateral hemispheres and vermis

58
Q

functions of cerebellum

A

integration and coordination of muscle tone and cognitive functions

59
Q

lesions of cerebellum

A

ataxia (lack of coordination and balance)

60
Q

location of subcortical gray matter

A

includes region within cerebral hemispheres and consists of diencephalon (thalamus & hypothalamus) and basal ganglia

61
Q

thalamus functions…

A

sensory information and integration, consciousness, attention, and memory

62
Q

basal ganglia

A

motor control and integration

63
Q

pyramidal system

A

voluntary body movement

64
Q

extrapyramidal system

A

fine, controlled, smooth execution of motor movements

65
Q

structures of subcortical white matter

A

corpus callosum, cortico-cortical association fibers

66
Q

corpus callosum

A

joins 2 cerebral hemispheres and important for intgration of incoming information and other motor skills

67
Q

damage to corpus callosum

A

problems in integration of received information

68
Q

arcuate fasiculus

A

connects broca’s and wernicke’s area; deficits in speech repeition

69
Q

cerebral cortex

A

outermost part of nrain, consists of 2 cerebral hemispheres, surface consists of gyri and sulci

70
Q

central sulcus AKA fissure of Rolando

A

divides frontal and parietal lobes

71
Q

sylvian fissure

A

divides frontal and temporal lobe

72
Q

function of frontal lobe

A

motor function including speech and language skills

73
Q

landmarks in frontal lobe

A

-primary motor cortex
-supplementary motor cortex
-broca’s area
-prefrontal cortex

74
Q

primary motor cortex

A

control of voluntary movements on the contralateral side of the body

75
Q

supplementary motor cortex

A

language

76
Q

broca’s area (brodmann’s area 45)

A

speech production, motor movements for speech

77
Q

frontal premotor association

A

-orbitofrontal (emotion)
-dorsolateral (working memory)
-medial-fontal (motor activity iniation)

78
Q

function of temporal lobe

A

auditory and language comprehension

79
Q

landmarks of temporal

A

-primary auditory cortex
-wernicke’s area

80
Q

primary auditory cortex (heschl’s gyrus)

A

hearing

81
Q

wernicke’s area (broadmann’s area 22)

A

language comprehension and written comprehension

82
Q

function of parietal lobe

A

somatosensory info (pressure, smell, position in space)

83
Q

landmarks of parietal

A

-supramarginal gyrus
-angular gyrus

84
Q

supramarginal gyrus

A

writing

85
Q

angular gyrus

A

naming, reading, and writing

86
Q

occiptal

A

vision; primary visual cortex (controlling visual movements on the opposite side of the body)

87
Q

limbic system includes

A

limbic lobe, diencephalon, midbrain

88
Q

strucutres within limbic lobe

A

cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, olfactory cortex, amygdala

89
Q

amygdala is important for

A

emotional memories

90
Q

functions of limbic system

A

memory, feelings, desire to produce language
-emotional aspects of one thoughts

91
Q

zone of language

A

located within areas supplied by middle cerebral artery and includes portion of frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes

92
Q

anterior boundary of zone of language

A

broca’s area

93
Q

posterior boundary

A

wernicke’s area

94
Q

the metencephalon is comprised of

A

pons and cerebellum

neuro (20 decks)

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