chapter 1 Flashcards
nervous system is comprised of
pns & cns
peripheral nervous system is divided into
autonomic & somatic ns
autonomic ns is divided into
sympathetic and parasympathetic ns
cns is divided into
brain and spinal cord
brain is comprised of
forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain
forebrain is comprised of
telencephalon and diencephalon
structures of telencephalon
cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus, and amygdala
structures of diencephalon
thalamus and hypothalamus
midbrain is comprised of
mesencephalon
structures of mesencephalon
tectum and tegmentum
hindbrain is comprised of
metencephalon and myelencephalon
myelencephalon is comprised of
medulla
neuron
building block of ns, sends signals throughout body, communicate with eachother
components of a neuron
dendrites, axons, cell body, myelin sheath, synapse, axon terminal, and nodes of ranvier
efferent nuerons
motor; info going from brain to periphery (body parts)
afferent nuerons
sensory; info from periphery to brain
synapse
communication between 2 nuerons
presynaptic nuerons
neuron sending signal to next neuron
postsynaptic neurons
neuron receiving signal from previous nueron
dendrites
take in info; extensions coming out of cell body
axons
extension from cell body that transmits impulses away from neuron
cell body
surrounded by a membrane through nutrients enter and wastes can be shed
myelin sheath
fatting coating on the axon; speeds neural transmission
axon terminal
end portion of a nueron segments on the axon that help
nodes of ranvier
speeds up neural transmission
synaptic vesicles
tiny pockets on the axon that hold nuerotransmitters
synaptic cleft
gap between axon terminal of presynaptic neuron and dendrites of postsynaptic neurons
process of the synapse
- synthesis
- storage
- release
- receptor interaction
- inactivation
- reuptake
- degradation
synthesis…
where the neurotransmitters are made and sent down the axon.
storage
transmitter is stored in the terminal for release
release
the neurotransmitter is released from the presynaptic neuron into the synapse
receptor interaction
the neurotransmitters are received by the postsynaptic neuron. The point of communication
inactivation
in some synapses the neurotransmitter is inactivated in the area of the synaptic cleft
reuptake
the neurotransmitter is taken back into the presynaptic neuron
degradation
neurotransmitters are degraded to control the concentration within the neuron
nucleus
cluster of neuron within central nervous sytem
ganglion
cluster of neurons within peripheral nervous system
-basal ganglia and caudate nucleus
tract/column/fasiculus/commisure/pathway
cluster of neurons in brain or spinal cord with common origin and end point
central nervous system consists of
brain and spina cord
peripheral nervous system
spinal nerves and cranial nerves
gray matter
unmyelinated neurons
white matter
myelinated neurons
spinal cord
-carries neural impulses from body to brain and vice versa
31 spinal nerves
8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal
spinal reflex
generated when a sensory nerve is stimulated by producing a motor response without relaying signal to the brain
3 parts of brainstem
midbrain, pons, medulla
medulla
-lowest part of brainstem
-contains cranial nerve nuclei for nerve 8-12
CN8
auditory nerve - hearing, orginates between pons and medulla
CN9
glossopharyngeal - tongue and palatal movements
CN10
vagus - breathing
CN11
blood pressure
CN12
Hypoglossal – speech movements
pons
-middle part of brainstem; cranial nerves 5-7
pons functions
chewing, jaw and mandibular movements, and facial movements
midbrain
upper part of brainstem; cranial nerves 3 & 4
functions of midbrain
eye movements, postural reflexes, coordination of visual and auditory reflexes
location of cerebellum
lies behind brainstem and has outer layer of grey matter and inner layer of white matter
-2 large lateral hemispheres and vermis
functions of cerebellum
integration and coordination of muscle tone and cognitive functions
lesions of cerebellum
ataxia (lack of coordination and balance)
location of subcortical gray matter
includes region within cerebral hemispheres and consists of diencephalon (thalamus & hypothalamus) and basal ganglia
thalamus functions…
sensory information and integration, consciousness, attention, and memory
basal ganglia
motor control and integration
pyramidal system
voluntary body movement
extrapyramidal system
fine, controlled, smooth execution of motor movements
structures of subcortical white matter
corpus callosum, cortico-cortical association fibers
corpus callosum
joins 2 cerebral hemispheres and important for intgration of incoming information and other motor skills
damage to corpus callosum
problems in integration of received information
arcuate fasiculus
connects broca’s and wernicke’s area; deficits in speech repeition
cerebral cortex
outermost part of nrain, consists of 2 cerebral hemispheres, surface consists of gyri and sulci
central sulcus AKA fissure of Rolando
divides frontal and parietal lobes
sylvian fissure
divides frontal and temporal lobe
function of frontal lobe
motor function including speech and language skills
landmarks in frontal lobe
-primary motor cortex
-supplementary motor cortex
-broca’s area
-prefrontal cortex
primary motor cortex
control of voluntary movements on the contralateral side of the body
supplementary motor cortex
language
broca’s area (brodmann’s area 45)
speech production, motor movements for speech
frontal premotor association
-orbitofrontal (emotion)
-dorsolateral (working memory)
-medial-fontal (motor activity iniation)
function of temporal lobe
auditory and language comprehension
landmarks of temporal
-primary auditory cortex
-wernicke’s area
primary auditory cortex (heschl’s gyrus)
hearing
wernicke’s area (broadmann’s area 22)
language comprehension and written comprehension
function of parietal lobe
somatosensory info (pressure, smell, position in space)
landmarks of parietal
-supramarginal gyrus
-angular gyrus
supramarginal gyrus
writing
angular gyrus
naming, reading, and writing
occiptal
vision; primary visual cortex (controlling visual movements on the opposite side of the body)
limbic system includes
limbic lobe, diencephalon, midbrain
strucutres within limbic lobe
cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, olfactory cortex, amygdala
amygdala is important for
emotional memories
functions of limbic system
memory, feelings, desire to produce language
-emotional aspects of one thoughts
zone of language
located within areas supplied by middle cerebral artery and includes portion of frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes
anterior boundary of zone of language
broca’s area
posterior boundary
wernicke’s area
the metencephalon is comprised of
pons and cerebellum
