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chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

nervous system is comprised of

A

pns & cns

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2
Q

peripheral nervous system is divided into

A

autonomic & somatic ns

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3
Q

autonomic ns is divided into

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic ns

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4
Q

cns is divided into

A

brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

brain is comprised of

A

forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

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6
Q

forebrain is comprised of

A

telencephalon and diencephalon

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7
Q

structures of telencephalon

A

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus, and amygdala

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8
Q

structures of diencephalon

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

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9
Q

midbrain is comprised of

A

mesencephalon

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10
Q

structures of mesencephalon

A

tectum and tegmentum

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11
Q

hindbrain is comprised of

A

metencephalon and myelencephalon

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12
Q

myelencephalon is comprised of

A

medulla

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13
Q

neuron

A

building block of ns, sends signals throughout body, communicate with eachother

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14
Q

components of a neuron

A

dendrites, axons, cell body, myelin sheath, synapse, axon terminal, and nodes of ranvier

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15
Q

efferent nuerons

A

motor; info going from brain to periphery (body parts)

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16
Q

afferent nuerons

A

sensory; info from periphery to brain

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17
Q

synapse

A

communication between 2 nuerons

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18
Q

presynaptic nuerons

A

neuron sending signal to next neuron

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19
Q

postsynaptic neurons

A

neuron receiving signal from previous nueron

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20
Q

dendrites

A

take in info; extensions coming out of cell body

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21
Q

axons

A

extension from cell body that transmits impulses away from neuron

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22
Q

cell body

A

surrounded by a membrane through nutrients enter and wastes can be shed

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23
Q

myelin sheath

A

fatting coating on the axon; speeds neural transmission

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24
Q

axon terminal

A

end portion of a nueron segments on the axon that help

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25
nodes of ranvier
speeds up neural transmission
26
synaptic vesicles
tiny pockets on the axon that hold nuerotransmitters
27
synaptic cleft
gap between axon terminal of presynaptic neuron and dendrites of postsynaptic neurons
28
process of the synapse
1. synthesis 2. storage 3. release 4. receptor interaction 5. inactivation 6. reuptake 7. degradation
29
synthesis...
where the neurotransmitters are made and sent down the axon.
30
storage
transmitter is stored in the terminal for release
31
release
the neurotransmitter is released from the presynaptic neuron into the synapse
32
receptor interaction
the neurotransmitters are received by the postsynaptic neuron. The point of communication
33
inactivation
in some synapses the neurotransmitter is inactivated in the area of the synaptic cleft
34
reuptake
the neurotransmitter is taken back into the presynaptic neuron
35
degradation
neurotransmitters are degraded to control the concentration within the neuron
36
nucleus
cluster of neuron within central nervous sytem
37
ganglion
cluster of neurons within peripheral nervous system -basal ganglia and caudate nucleus
38
tract/column/fasiculus/commisure/pathway
cluster of neurons in brain or spinal cord with common origin and end point
39
central nervous system consists of
brain and spina cord
40
peripheral nervous system
spinal nerves and cranial nerves
41
gray matter
unmyelinated neurons
42
white matter
myelinated neurons
43
spinal cord
-carries neural impulses from body to brain and vice versa
44
31 spinal nerves
8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal
45
spinal reflex
generated when a sensory nerve is stimulated by producing a motor response without relaying signal to the brain
46
3 parts of brainstem
midbrain, pons, medulla
47
medulla
-lowest part of brainstem -contains cranial nerve nuclei for nerve 8-12
48
CN8
auditory nerve - hearing, orginates between pons and medulla
49
CN9
glossopharyngeal - tongue and palatal movements
50
CN10
vagus - breathing
51
CN11
blood pressure
52
CN12
Hypoglossal -- speech movements
53
pons
-middle part of brainstem; cranial nerves 5-7
54
pons functions
chewing, jaw and mandibular movements, and facial movements
55
midbrain
upper part of brainstem; cranial nerves 3 & 4
56
functions of midbrain
eye movements, postural reflexes, coordination of visual and auditory reflexes
57
location of cerebellum
lies behind brainstem and has outer layer of grey matter and inner layer of white matter -2 large lateral hemispheres and vermis
58
functions of cerebellum
integration and coordination of muscle tone and cognitive functions
59
lesions of cerebellum
ataxia (lack of coordination and balance)
60
location of subcortical gray matter
includes region within cerebral hemispheres and consists of diencephalon (thalamus & hypothalamus) and basal ganglia
61
thalamus functions...
sensory information and integration, consciousness, attention, and memory
62
basal ganglia
motor control and integration
63
pyramidal system
voluntary body movement
64
extrapyramidal system
fine, controlled, smooth execution of motor movements
65
structures of subcortical white matter
corpus callosum, cortico-cortical association fibers
66
corpus callosum
joins 2 cerebral hemispheres and important for intgration of incoming information and other motor skills
67
damage to corpus callosum
problems in integration of received information
68
arcuate fasiculus
connects broca's and wernicke's area; deficits in speech repeition
69
cerebral cortex
outermost part of nrain, consists of 2 cerebral hemispheres, surface consists of gyri and sulci
70
central sulcus AKA fissure of Rolando
divides frontal and parietal lobes
71
sylvian fissure
divides frontal and temporal lobe
72
function of frontal lobe
motor function including speech and language skills
73
landmarks in frontal lobe
-primary motor cortex -supplementary motor cortex -broca's area -prefrontal cortex
74
primary motor cortex
control of voluntary movements on the contralateral side of the body
75
supplementary motor cortex
language
76
broca's area (brodmann's area 45)
speech production, motor movements for speech
77
frontal premotor association
-orbitofrontal (emotion) -dorsolateral (working memory) -medial-fontal (motor activity iniation)
78
function of temporal lobe
auditory and language comprehension
79
landmarks of temporal
-primary auditory cortex -wernicke's area
80
primary auditory cortex (heschl's gyrus)
hearing
81
wernicke's area (broadmann's area 22)
language comprehension and written comprehension
82
function of parietal lobe
somatosensory info (pressure, smell, position in space)
83
landmarks of parietal
-supramarginal gyrus -angular gyrus
84
supramarginal gyrus
writing
85
angular gyrus
naming, reading, and writing
86
occiptal
vision; primary visual cortex (controlling visual movements on the opposite side of the body)
87
limbic system includes
limbic lobe, diencephalon, midbrain
88
strucutres within limbic lobe
cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, olfactory cortex, amygdala
89
amygdala is important for
emotional memories
90
functions of limbic system
memory, feelings, desire to produce language -emotional aspects of one thoughts
91
zone of language
located within areas supplied by middle cerebral artery and includes portion of frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes
92
anterior boundary of zone of language
broca's area
93
posterior boundary
wernicke's area
94
the metencephalon is comprised of
pons and cerebellum

neuro (20 decks)

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