Chap. 5 - Cardiology Diseases Part 1 Flashcards
Mild to severe chest pain caused by ischemia of the myocardium. Atherosclerosis blocks the flow of oxygenated blood through the coronary arteries to the myocardium. Patient feels crushing pressurelike sensation in the chest with pain up the neck and down the left arm, with extreme sweating and sense of doom. Can occur during exercise or resting. It’s a warning of impeding myocardial infarction.
Angina pectoris
General category that includes acute ischemia of the myocardium with unstable angina pectoris.
Acute coronary syndrome
Enlargement of the heart from congestive heart failure.
Cardiomegaly
Any disease condition of the heart muscle that includes heart enlargement and heart failure.
Cardiomyopathy
Left ventricle is dilated and myocardium is so stretched that it can no liger contract to pump blood.
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathy with an unknown cause
Idiopathic cardiomyopathy
Inability of the heart to pump sufficient amounts of blood. Caused by chronic coronary artery disease or hypertension.
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
Enlargement
Hypertrophy
During CHF, the myocardium undergoes Hypertrophy which temporarily improves blood flow.
Compensated heart failure
In later stages of CHF, the heart can no longer enlarge. Instead, the myocardium becomes dilated, flabby, and progressively loses its ability contract.
Decompensated Heart Failure
In right sided congestive heart failure, the right ventricle is unable to adequately pump blood. Blood backs up in the superior vena cava.
Jugular venous distension
In CHF, blood also backs up in the inferior vena cava causing hepatomegy (enlarged liver) and _______ in the legs, ankles, and feet.
Peripheral edema
In CHF, When there is lung disease and the right ventricle enlarges to pump harder.
Cor pulmonale
Death of myocardial cells due to severe ischemia. The flow of oxygenated blood in the coronary artery is blocked by a blood clot or atherosclerosis. May have angina pectoris or indigestion, and area has necrosis.
Myocardial infarction (MI)
Inflammation and bacterial infection of the endocardium and the valves. Occurs when valves already have structural defect. Infection from somewhere else in the body travels to heart and gets trapped in defect causing infection.
Endocarditis
Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis (SBE) causes fever, fatigue, and aching muscles.
Abnormal heart sound created by turbulence as blood leaks past a defective heart valve. Murmurs are described according to their volume, their sound, and when they occur during cardiac cycle.
Heart Murmur
Inflammation or infection of the pericardial sac with accumulation of pericardial fluid.
Pericarditis
In pericarditis, when fluid presses on the heart and prevents it from beating.
Cardiac tamponade
Autoimmune response to a previous streptococcal infection, like strep throat. Mostly occurs in children, and known as rheumatic fever. Body makes antibodies to fight bacteria, but they attract connective tissue in body, particularly joints/heart. Joints become swollen with fluid and inflamed. Mitral and aortic valves of heart become inflamed and damaged. Valves become scarred and narrowed (stenosis).
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Structure abnormality in which the leaflets of the mitral valve don’t close tightly. Can be congenital condition or valve damage from infection. There is [regurgitation] as blood flows backwards into left atrium with contractions.
Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP)
Aorta is abnormally narrow
Coarctation of the Aorta
A permanent hole in the interatrial septum
Atrial septal defect (ASD)
Permanent hole in the interventricular septum.
Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
Four defects, including a ventricular septal defect, narrowing of pulmonary artery valve and trunk, hypertrophy of the right ventricle, and malposition of aorta.
Tetralogy of Fallot
Aorta incorrectly originates from the right ventricle, and the pulmonary artery incorrectly originates from the left ventricle.
Transposition of the Great Vessels
Occurs at birth during change from fetal circulation to normal newborn circulation.
The ductus arteriosus fails to close.
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
Occurs at birth during change from fetal circulation to normal newborn circulation.
The foramen ovale fails to close.
Patent foramen ovale
Any type of irregularity in the rate or rhythm of the heart. Includes bradycardia, tachycardia, heart block, flutter, and fibrillation.
Arrhythmia (Dysthymia)
Arrhythmia in which the heart beats too slowly.
Bradycardia
Complete absence of a heartbeat.
Cardiac Arrest (Asystole)
Arrhythmia in which there is a very fast but regular rhythm (250bpm) of the atria or ventricles. The chambers of the heart don’t have time to completely fill with blood before the next contraction. Flutter progresses to fibrillation.
Flutter
Arrhythmia in which there’s a very fast, uncoordinated quivering of the myocardium. It can affect atria and ventricles.
Fibrillation
A life-threatening emergency in which the heart is unable to pump blood, it can progress to cardiac arrest.
Ventricular Fibrillation
Arrhythmia in which electrical impulses cannot travel normally from the SA node to the Purkinje fibers.
Heart block
Heart block where electrical impulses reach the ventricles but are very delayed.
First-degree heart block
Heart block where only some of the electrical impulses reach the ventricles.
Second-degree heart block
Heart block where it’s complete heart block. No electrical impulses reach ventricles.
Third-degree heart block
Heart block where the electrical impulses are unable to travel down the right or left bundle of His.
Right or left bundle branch block
