Chap 4 - Respiratory Diseases part 1 Flashcards
Sudden onset of hyperreactivity of the bronchi and bronchioles with bronchospasm. Inflammation and swelling severely narrow the lumens. Attacks triggered by dust, mold, cigarette smoke, inhaled chemicals, exercise, cold air, or emotional stress. Or cockroaches in cities.
Asthma
Asthma that’s prolonged, extremely severe and life-threatening attack.
Status asthmaticus
Acute or chronic inflammation or infection of the bronchi. Inflammation due to pollution or smoking causes a constant cough, mucus production, and wheezing.
Bronchitis
Chronic, permanent enlargement and loss of elasticity of the bronchi and bronchioles. Chronic inflammation destroys the smooth muscle in the walls, and the bronchi become markedly dilated. Symptoms are lots of mucus and coughing. Common with cystic fibrosis.
Bronchiectasis
Creaking, grating, or rubbing sound when the two layers of the inflamed pleura rub against each other during respiration.
Pleural friction rub
Irregular cracking or bubbling sounds during inspiration. Wet ones are caused by obstruction of the alveoli by fluid or infection. Dry ones are caused by chronic irritation or fibrosis.
Rales
Humming, whistling, or snoring sounds during inspiration or expiration. They are caused by swelling, mucus, or a foreign body that partially obstructs the bronchi.
Rhonchi
A high-pitched, harsh, crowing sound due to obstruction in the trachea or larynx.
Stridor
High-pitched whistling or squeezing sounds during inspiration or expiration. They can often be heard without a stethoscope. They are caused by extreme narrowing of the bronchi due to bronchospasm.
Wheezes
Precipitated by a severe infection or burns that affect the entire body’s can also be caused by indirect injury to the lungs (inhale vomit or fumes). The alveoli are damaged because of lack of blood flow, are unable to make surfactant, and they collapse with each breath.
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Incomplete expansion or collapse of part or all of a lung due to mucus, tumor, trauma, or a foreign body that blocks the bronchus. Also known as collapsed lung.
Atelectasis (atelectatic lung)
Combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema caused by chronic exposure to pollution or smoking. In emphysema, the alveoli rupture, creating large air spaces in the lungs. Air can be inhaled but not exhaled. Due to chronic over expansion of the lungs, the thorax becomes deformed (barrel chest).
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Inherited, eventually fatal disease caused by a recessive gene. Cystic fibrosis affects all the exocrine cells (those that secrete mucus, digestive enzymes, and sweat), but the respiratory system is particularly affected. Mucus is extra think and blocks alveoli and bronchioles. The pancreas develops cysts that become fibrous tissue.
Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
Acute viral infection of the upper and lower respiratory tracts. Symptoms include fever, severe muscle aches, and cough.
Influenza (Flu)
Caused when aspirin is used to relieve flu symptoms in children. It causes very high levels of ammonia in the blood and brain, vomiting, seizures, and liver failure. Can be acute or fatal.
Reye’s Syndrome
Localized collection of purulent material (pus) in the thoracic cavity from an infection in the lungs. Also known as pyothorax.
Empyema
Severe, sometimes fatal, bacterial infection that begins with flu-like symptoms, body aches and fever, followed by severe pneumonia with possible liver and kidney degeneration.
First identified in 1976 in Philadelphia when people were breathing air from air conditioning contaminated with bacterium Legionella pneumophilia.
Legionnaire’s disease
Cancerous tumor of the lungs. Common in smokers. Begins in bronchi and obstructs airway as tumor grows.
Lung cancer
Constant exposure to inhaled particles causes pulmonary fibrosis in which the alveoli lose elasticity.
Occupational Lung Disease
Occupational lung disease caused by coal dust (also called coal miner’s lung or black lung disease).
Anthracosis
Occupational Lung disease caused by asbestos fibers.
Asbestosis
Occupational lung disease caused by chronically inhaling some type of dust or particle.
Pneumoconiosis
Inflammation or infection of some or all of the lobes of lungs and bronchi. Fluid from inflamed tissues, plus microorganism and white blood cells fill alveoli and air passages.
Pneumonia
Caused by foreign matter such as vomit that is inhaled into lungs
Aspiration pneumonia
Pneumonia caused by bacterium
Bacterial pneumonia
Pneumonia that affects bronchi, bronchioles, and the adjacent lung tissue and alveoli.
Bronchopneumonia
Pneumonia that involves both lungs
Double pneumonia
Pneumonia that affects one part or all of a lobe of a lung.
Panlobar pneumonia affects all the lobes of one lung.
Lobar pneumonia
Acute pneumonia cause by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Pneumococcal pneumonia
Severe form of pneumonia caused by the amoeba Pneumocystis carinii. Most people are infected at childhood and lays doormat for years and waits for opportunity to cause disease (opportunistic infection).
Pneumocystic Carnii Pneumonia (PCP)
Pneumonia caused by virus
Viral pneumonia
Mild form of pneumonia caused by bacterium Mysoplasma pneumoniae. Patient doesn’t feel well but can continue daily activities.
Walking pneumonia
Fluid in the alveoli because of failure of the left side of the heart to adequately pump blood. There’s backup in pulmonary circulation.
Pulmonary edema
Blockage of one of pulmonary arteries by Embolus (blood clot or fat globule). A blood clot can develop in the legs of a patient on prolonged bed rest, or fat globule is released from yellow marrow when a long bone is fractured. The embolus travels to the heart and into pulmonary artery and becomes trapped and blocks arterial flow going to lungs. Can be fatal.
Pulmonary Embolism
