Chap 3 - Organisation and digestive system Flashcards
What is the order of organisation in the human body?
Cells - Tissues - Organs - Organ systems - Organism
Give a example of an organ and what tissues it is made up of?
Stomach - muscular tissue, glandular tissue, epithelial tissue
What does the large intestine do?
Absorbs water from the food that has been digested
What 2 main organs is food digested in?
Stomach and small intestine
What adaptations does a small intestine have to make it efficient when digesting food?
Big SA covered by villi for enzymes to work on
Good blood supply
Short diffusion distance
Better for active transport
Which glands release enzymes?
The stomach and small intestine
What does liver produce?
Bile
Where is bile stored?
In the gall bladder
What are the 3 main foods in a diet that make up structures of cells in the body?
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids
What are the 3 types of carbohydrates?
Complex carbohydrates- starch and cellulose
Single sugars - glucose
Simple sugars - sucrose
What are most carbohydrates broken down into and what is it used for?
Glucose - cellular respiration
What are lipids made up of?
Fatty acids and glycerol
What are all lipids insoluble in?
Water
What can vary fatty acids or glycerol?
Fatty acids
What are proteins used for?
Building up of cells and tissues and also the basis of all enzymes
What are proteins made up of?
Amino acids
What elements does protein have?
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and also NITROGEN
What happens to proteins to make an active site?
They are folded, bent and shaped into a 3D structure which will act as an enzyme
What can effect enzymes?
pH and temperature
Give uses of protein?
Structural components of the body
Hormones such as insulin
Antibodies
Enzymes
What is an enzyme?
A biological catalyst
What are enzymes used for in metabolic reactions?
Building large molecules from smaller ones
Breaking down large molecules into smaller
Changing one molecule into another e.g glucose to fructose
What is the lock and key theory?
The enzyme binds to the substrate, the reaction takes place rapidly and the substrate splits into products of the reaction
What is the optimum temperature for any enzyme ?
37 - human body temp
What is the active site held together by and what affects this?
Forces, pH levels can affect these forces meaning the active site breaks down therefore the enzyme has denatured
What are unusual about digestive enzymes compared to all other bodily enzymes?
They work outside cells, lock and key theory
What enzyme breaks down carbohydrates and what into?
Amylase - starch into sugars
Where is amylase produced and where does digestion of carbohydrates take place?
Salivary glands and pancreas, mouth snd small intestine
What enzyme digests proteins and where is it produced?
Protease enzyme, produced by stomach, pancreas and small intestine
What enzyme breaks down lipids?
Lipase
What are lipids broken down into?
Fatty acids and glycerol
Where is lipase produced?
Pancreas and small intestine
What is the method for the effect of pH on amylase enzyme?
Starch solutions in water bath no higher than 37
Add buffer solution at different pH to each tube
Add iodine to each
Add amylase and start stopwatch
Take samples using pipettes every 30 secs
Observe results
THIS IS A SUMMARY
