Chap 20 - Early Struggles in Latin America Flashcards
How did Haiti become independent?
Saint Dominique - France’s richest possession.
Vote to all free men by the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizens 1789
Toussaint L’Overature (former slave) led the revolt; armistice, jailed and died in France.
1804 revolutionaries declared independence from France
What were the colonies of Spain and Portugal?
Creoles
- Excluded from highest level government or church positions
- Increased access to education throughout the 1700s led to the rise of the creoles
- 1807 Napoleon’s invasion of Spain and Portugal weakened their power in Latin America
- Tension between peninsulares and creoles
Who was Father Hidalgo?
Father of Mexican Independence
- 1810 - first call for independence; rebellion.
- Death to bad government and death to the Spaniards
- Captured and executed
Who continued the revolution in Mexico after Father Hidalgo?
Morelos continues the revolution.
- Leader of the revolutionary movement - Creole
- All people called Americans
- Independent republic
- Executed for treason
Who was the Creole King for Mexico?
A Creole King for Mexico - Agustin de Iturbide - military officer
- Creole royalist (loyal to the king)
- 1820 Spanish governemnt asked him to lead a battle against revolutionaries
- He switched sides
What did Agustin de Iturbide propose to the Spanish government?
Proposal to liberal Spanish government:
- Mexico would gain its independence but would have a monarch
- Creoles and peninsulares woud have equal rights
- Roman Catholic Church official church of Mexico
1821 - independence from Spain - Emperor Agustin I of Mexico
Who was Simon Bolivar?
- Simon Bolivar - The Liberator; wealthy creole from Venezuela
- Traveled to Europe
- 1811 Venezuela declared independence
- Wanted to create one large Federation of the Andes in South America
- Set up Gran Colombia - Venezuela, Columbia, Panama, & Ecuador today
Who wsa Jose de San Martin (Argentina)?
- Independence movement in Argentina (1816) and South America
- Chilean independence
- Gran Colombia - Simon Bolivar
What was Pedro I known for?
Rio de Janiero became the capital of the whole Portugese empire.
1822, Prince Pedro declared Brazil independence
Who was Diaz the Dictator?
Indian from Oaxaca
1876: Diaz overthrows government and institutes strict order.
Railroads expanded, banks built but more problems social & economic problems
Rule with “Iron Fist”
- modernization
- poor Mexicans worse off
- rurales: governemnt forces
- peasants fell into debt, became like slaves
1910 Revolution
Madero triumphed
What happened in the Mexican Revolution 1910 - 1920
“Viva la Revolucion!”
- Oppressed, outraged, ambitious joined forces
Decade of Violence
- Madera takes office, 1911 (assassinated in 1913)
- Huerta (1913)
- Plots coup with America
- Huerta faces revolt in south - Zapata in north - Pancho Villa
What was Carranza?
Carranza new president - 1915
Turned against Zapata and Villa
What was in the New Mexican Constitution?
1917, The New Mexican Constitution
Land, education, and workers rights.
Villa assassinated in 1923.
Albaro Obregon elected 1920; assassinated but institutional Revolutionary Party PRI in control ever since
