Chap 19.3 - Growth of Nationalism Flashcards
What was purpose of the Congress of Vienna?
Restore peace and stability to Europe
Who were the negotiators?
700 attended. Most powerful: Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria, France
How did they redraw the map?
Give 3 ways
- Strengthen countries bordering France
- Kingdom of the Netherlands, German Confederation
- France had to pay indemnity
Where was monarchy restored?
Spain, Sicily, Portugal, Sardenia
What were the forces for change
Opposing forces: liberalism and nationalism
Who was Metternich?
What were the 4 things he was known for?
- Reactionary ideals - oppose progress and want to return to old ideals
- Believed in absolute monarchy
- Legitimacy
- Conservative ideals silenced the liberal ideals of the revolution
What were the failures of the Revolution’s legacy? Give 3
Failures:
- Monarchs are back, ruling Europe
- Citizen rights restricted
- Nobles privileged again
What were the successes of the Revolution’s legacy?
Enlightment ideals would never go away
Would continue to inspire revolutions around the world
Who were the 2 rulers in France after the Revolution?
How did they rule?
Louis XVIII dies (had a constitution and a legislature - most power with the king)
Charles X becomes king - absolute monarch, suspended the power of the legislature
What did Louis XVIII and Charles X lead to?
Led to the Revolution of 1830.
Charles X abdicated (step down).
People didn’t like absolute rule.
Had to step down to keep peace
Who became King after 1830 Revolution?
Louis Philippe chosen as king.
Constitutional monarchy.
Louis was an aristocrat; “citizen king”
Over time, he was less democratic; became repressive
What did reign of Louis Philippe lead to?
Led to the Revolution of 1848.
French government banned a reformer banquet.
Led to revolution and the abdication of Louis Philippe
What happened in France after Louis Philippe?
Formed a new republic.
Voters elected Napoleon’s nephew, Louis Napoleon
What was The Second Republic?
Louis Napoleon - president.
All adult French men had the right to vote.
1851 - Louis Napoleon wanted to rule longer.
- Arrested opposition
- Called for a nationa lvote to create a new constitution.
- French people elected him emperor Napolean III
What was The Second Empire under Napolean III?
Made some reforms - increased voting rights.
Absolute ruler.
1870 Franco Prussian War
- Napolean III captured and surrendered to the Prussians
- French assembly deposed Napoleon
How did this lead to the Third Republic?
1882 - primary education ages 6 - 13
Trade unions legalized in 1900; reduced working hours
How did “nationalism thtreatens old empires” in Austria?
In Austria, Prince Metternich led Congress of Vienna.
Oldest empire in Europe.
What was the Carlsbad Decrees?
Prohibited reforms
Censorship of newspaper
Created a secret police.
Led to Revolution of 1848
What happened in Austria after Revolution of 1848?
Metternich fled
Emperor Ferdinand stepped down because associated with Metternich.
Franz Joseph I (nephew) steps up
What was the Ottoman Empire - The Eastern Question?
Known as “sick/dying man of Europe”
What was the rise of multinational empire?
What did these groups want?
Ethnic groups - Bohemia, Hungary, Romania, Poland, Ukrainians, Northern Italians.
Each pressed for independence
Serbs - wanted autonomy
What did the Europeans want to do with the Ottoman Empire?
Europeans wanted to divide up Ottoman lands
Saw land as strategic location
What was the powder keg of Europe?
Balkan Wars
Why? Nationalism created conflict.
What was “the Young Turks”
1908 nationalist group
became Turkey
What happened in Crimean War (1853 - 1856)
Poorly planned and poorly fought
Destroyed the Concert of Europe
Austria and Russia now enemies
Russia and Great Britain withdrew from continental European affairs
(2 years) ended in stalemate - 500,000 deaths
What was the main reason for the Crimean War?
Trouble spot because of so many ethnic groups.
European powers were competing for influence over region.
Everyone realized Russia was very behind
What was happening in the Balkans?
What did the European powers want?
LAND
1830 - Greeks gain independence from Balkans
European power sought to divide Ottoman land for themselves.
Russia pushed south toward Istanbul and Black Sea
Austria & Hungary took Bosnia Herzegovina (upsetting Serbs)
Britain & France also wanted land
What started World War I?
Assisination of Franz Ferdinand started WWI
Germany also caused WWI
What does Nationalism mean?
What are the 5 elements of Nationalism?
- Culture - shared beliefs and a way of life created a common bond
- History - a shared past connects people as a group
- Religion - a common religion helps unite people
- Language - a common language is a key element of nationlism
- Territory - a shared land gives people a sense of unity
What were the obstacles to Italian unity?
- Stratified. “Stratified” = formed or arranged into categories.
- Napoleon
- Congress of Vienna
Austria in North, Hapsburg, French in Naples and Sicily
What was Mazzini’s Young Italy?
- Giuseppe Mazzini plots
- Goal - to constitute Italy as one free, independent, republican nation
- 1849 - helped set up a revolutionary republic in Rome - French forces soon toppled
- Lived most of his life in exile
What was happening in Sardinia around 1849?
1849 - Sardinia - Italian Nationalist movement
King Victor Emmanuel II hoped to join other states to his own
Count Camillo Cavour - Prime Minister
- Edited II Risorgimento
- Believed in realpolitik
- Improved Sardinia’s economy - encouraged commerce by supporting free trade.
- Long term goal: expel Austrian power from Italy and adds Lombardy and Venetia to Sardinia
