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Modern World-Notes > Chap 15 Notes > Flashcards

Chap 15 Notes Flashcards

1
Q

When was black Death?

A

14th century

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2
Q

What did Black Death create?

A

economic decline

political chaos

religious decline

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3
Q

When was the Renaissance?

A

15th century

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4
Q

Where did Renaissance occur?

A

Europe

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5
Q

What were the social changes during the Renaissance?

A

Nobles less power

More peasants free

Renaissance village

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6
Q

What is Humanism during Renaissance?

A

Man is the Measure

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7
Q

What was invented during Renaissance? And what did it make available?

A

Moveable type (printing)

Gutenberg’s Bible 1445-1500

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8
Q

Describe state of power during Renaissance.

A
  • Renaissance states or new monarchies formed in France, England and Spain
    • concentration of royal authority
    • preoccupation with political power
  • Italian city states
    • Milan, florence, Venice, Papal states, Kingdom of Naples
  • Machiavelli the prince who believed the ends justify the means
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9
Q

Describe the Northern Renaissance

A

Christian Humanism - Desiderius Erasmus advocated philosophy of Christ: Christianity should be a guiding philosophy for the direction of daily life rather than the system of dogmatic beliefs and practices of the medieval church. Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched.

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10
Q

Describe the Roman Catholic Church in the 1400s

A
  • Worldly “Renaissance” Popes 1450-1520
  • Dissatisfaction
    • corruption, abuse of power, immorality
    • respect for clergy weakened
    • heavy taxation caused discontent
  • Financing the Basilica
    • Pope Leo X - sale of indulgences
    • Monk Johan Tetzel - as soon as the coin in the coffer rings the soul from purgatory springs
    • veneration of relics
    • pardons reduced a soul’s time in purgatory
  • Working off sins
    • sales of indulgences widely criticized
    • government separate from church
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11
Q

What did Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses criticize?

A

the sale of indulgences

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12
Q

Where was Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses distributed?

A

across Europe

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13
Q

What were the key points of Luther’s Theses?

A

Justification by faith made a person deserving of salvation

head of church was Jesus not Pope

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14
Q

Who handed down Edict of Worms?

A

Emperor

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15
Q

What was Edict of Worms?

A

Declared luther to be outlawed

condemned his writings

Excommunicated in January 1521

Luther’s movement began to grow, spread and gained support of many rulers of the German states

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16
Q

How was Luther’s movement tied to political affairs?

A
  • peasants war 1524: social discontent became entangled with religion
  • revolt: Luther didn’t support it and called princes to crush the dissidents
  • led to support of 300+ princes in the Holy Roman empire
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17
Q

Who was elected as the Holy Roman emperor and when?

A

Charles I of Spain and became Charles V

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18
Q

Was the political situation in the Holy roman empire in Charles’s favor?

A

No

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19
Q

What was Peace of Augsburg?

A

acknowledged the divison of Christianity

Lutherian states were to have the same legal rights as Catholic states (1555)-free to choose Lutheran of Catholic

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20
Q

True/False: ideal of christian unity was forever lost

A

true

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21
Q

What is Zwinglianism?

A
  • Ulrich Zwingli was a priest in Zurich Switzerland
  • Oversaw changes to the church
  • a theocracy
  • dies in battle against the Catholic states
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22
Q

What was Calvin and Calvinism a predestination for?

A

The English Reformation

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23
Q

Where did Calvin live?

A

Geneva

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24
Q

What was the English Reformation?

A
  • it was rooted in politics not religion-King henry wanted to divorce his first wife
  • The Act of supremacy in 1534 gave the king control of doctrine, clerical, appointment and discipline
  • led to years of religious and political unrest in England
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25
Q

What was social impact of the Protestant Reformation?

A

Family placed at center of human life

For women, family life was their only destiny

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26
Q

Who were the leaders of the Tudor Dynasty 1495-1603?

A

Henry VII

Henry VIII 1509-1547

Edward I 1547-1553

Lady Jane Grace

Mary I 1553-1558

Elizabeth 1558-1603

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27
Q

When was Spanish Armada?

A

1588

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28
Q

What was the Catholic Reformation or counter-reformation?

A

Revitalization and reaction against the Protestant movement.

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29
Q

What was the Society of Jesus?

A

Jesuits-Ignatius of Loyola

new order: absolute obedience to the papcy and spread of the Catholic faith-missions, schools, universities.

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30
Q

Whom or what did the Reform commission blame the church’s problems?

A

the corrupt policies of popes and cardinals.

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31
Q

What was the Council of Trent 1545?

A

Reaffirmed traditional Catholic techings

Abolished sale of indulgences, financial abuses curbed, corruption of clergy addressed

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32
Q

What was the Inquisition 1542?

A

Church court established

accused people of witchcraft

stamp out rebellion through an index of forbidden books

torture execution

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33
Q

What was the Spanish Inquistion 1478?

A

religious conformity converting Jews and Muslims or removing them

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34
Q

What were the causes of the Protestant Reformation?

A

Humanist values led people to question church authority

Some clergy were corrupt, worldly, or poorly educated

Martin Luther posted his 95 theses

Printing press helped spread Reformation ideas

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35
Q

what were the effects of the Protestant Reformation?

A

Many Portestant sects developed

Church leaders reformed the Catholic Church

Religious inteolerance and anti-semitism increased

Religious conflicts spread across Europe

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36
Q

When were French Wars of Religion?

A

1562-1598

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37
Q

Who were the Huguenots?

A

French Calvinists (7% of population but 40-50% of the nobility including House of Bourbon)

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38
Q

Who was Henry of Navarre?

A

Protestant Prince (Huguenots)

Inherited throne

Also known as Henry IV

First Bourbon King

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39
Q

When did Henry of Navarre rule?

A

1589-1610

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40
Q

What was Protestant Reformation?

A

Protesting the Catholic Church aagainst corruption, sale of indulgences, and Jesus was the savior/leader not the Pope

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41
Q

Where were the Lutheran?

A

Scandinavia

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42
Q

Where were the Calvinist?

A

Puritan (England)

Huguenots (France)

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43
Q

What is Catholic Conversion?

A

Paris is well worth a mass

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44
Q

What was the Edict of Nantes?

A

religious toleration in 1598

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45
Q

Who was Charles V-HRE?

A

Charles II of Spain-Child of Isabella and Ferdinand

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46
Q

What did Charles V accomplish?

A

Peace of Augfsburg in 1555-each prince could choose faith

Success in Americas

Splits his Spanish empire between his bother (Hapsburg, Austria) and son (Netherlands, Spain, Sicily, and Spain’s colonies)

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47
Q

When did King Phillip II rule?

A

1556-1598 during Spain’s peak

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48
Q

Who was Phillip II?

A

Charles V’s son

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49
Q

What did Phillip II rule?

A

Spain, Spanish Netherlands, American colonies, Sicily

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50
Q

Was Phillip II the defender of the faith?

A

Yes

51
Q

What was the defender of the faith?

A

Battle of Lepanto 1571 (Ottomans)

Spanish Armada 1588 - lost to Elizabeth.

52
Q

What was the Escorial?

A

Palace of Phillip II

53
Q

Who were the artists of the Golden Century?

A

Diego Velazquez

El Greco

Juana Ines de la Cruz

Miguel de Cervantes - Don Quixote

54
Q

Why does Spanish empire decline?

A

autocratic rule

Inflation

population increase

price increase

drop in silver value

taxes

expulsion of Jews and Moors

no middle class

merchant guilds-no capitalism wealth flowed out

55
Q

When did the England of Elizabeth begin?

A

1558

56
Q

What was the England of Elizabeth also known as?

A

Elizabethean Age

57
Q

What did the Spanish Armada-Protestant Wind mark?

A

Rise of England and fall of Spain

58
Q

What were the social and economic crises of the the Elizabethan Age?

A

Population decline

Witchcraft mania

economic trends of the 17th century

59
Q

What happened with population decline?

A

60 million in 1500 and 85 million in 1600

some decline by 1650 in central and southern Europe due to war, plague and famine

60
Q

What happened with witchcraft mania 1450-1750?

A

50% were executed

100,000 were prosecuted

common people, poor, servants, and those without property were often accused

75% of women were single or widowed

61
Q

What were the economic trends of the 17th century?

A

merchantilism-the wealth of a mnation was dependent on a plentiful supply of gold and silver

62
Q

What were the Seventeenth Century Crises?

A

War and Revolution

63
Q

What was the Thirty Years War 1618-1648?

A

Began in 1618 in the Germanic Landsof the Holy Roman Empire

Struggle between Catholic forces led by the Hapsburg Holy Roman Emperors and Protestant-Calvinist nobles in Bohemia who rebelled against the Hapsburg

1648 peace of Westphalia end the warwhich proclaimed that all the German Statesincluding Calvinist one were free to determine their own religion

64
Q

Who emerged as the dominant nation after the thirty years war?

A

France

65
Q

What was the guiding force in public affairs?

A

political motives

66
Q

What is absolutism?

A

The practice in which sovereign power or ultimate authority in the state rested in the hands of a king who claimed to rule by divine right.

67
Q

Who was the best example of an absolute ruler?

A

Louis XIV of France

68
Q

Describe Louis XIV background.

A

He was born of a loveless marriage

His parents were so neglectful he claims he almost drowned

His servants were his best friends

He inherited the throne from a weak father

Real power was held by his mother Anne and Mazarin

Mother Anne ruled with Prime Minister Mazarin

Mazarin was tight with money and deprived Louis of proper sheets and clothing

69
Q

Louis XIV was also known as

A

The Sun King

70
Q

When did Louis XIV rule?

A

1643-1698 (54 years)

71
Q

He was considered the most or least powerful king in Europe

A

most

72
Q

When was Louis XIV crowned?

A

age 5

73
Q

Who was Louis’ minister?

A

Cardinal Mazarin 1643-1661

74
Q

When was the Thirty Years War Treaty?

A

1648

75
Q

Whom did Mazarin fight with?

A

the nobles

The Fronde was a series of riots of nobles for 5 years which made Louis scared and distrustful of nobility

76
Q

When did Louis become King?

A

1661

77
Q

What is L’etat c’est moi?

A

I am the state

78
Q

What is Louis do in governing with absolutism?

A

centralized power (religious, political, economic and military)

excluded nobles

used intendants (tax and justice agents)

79
Q

Who was Jean Baptiste Colbert?

A

the finance minister

80
Q

Was France the #1 industrialized power in Europe?

A

Yes

81
Q

What were mercantilism policies?

A

subsidies and tax benefits to French companies

developed mining and agriculture

places high tariffs on incoming goods

encourages uses of raw materials from the colonies

82
Q

Jean Baptiste Colbert made a more or less efficient tax system?

A

more

83
Q

When did Colbert die?

A

1683

84
Q

What happened to France after Colbert died in 1683?

A

Edict of Nantes revoked (no religious tolerance, 200000 Huguentos leave France)

Versailles was built

Fought costly wars against Sweden, Netherlands, Spain, Austria, and the German states

85
Q

What was Versailles?

A

Personal household of the king

location of central government machinery

place where poweful subjects came to find favors for themselves and their clients

86
Q

Describe the nobility at Versailles

A

morning dress

increased royal authority

dependence on Louis

kept from locales

87
Q

Ten facts about Versailles

A
  1. took 40 years
  2. 60% of all state revenue goes to Versailles
  3. 4000 servants, 1000 nobles
  4. 250 acres
  5. 1300 rooms, 1400 fountains
  6. chapel, theater, library
  7. 11 miles from Paris
  8. Louis room at center
  9. Hall of Mirrors (408 mirrors/3000 candles)
  10. Patron of the Arts (Sun King, Mona Lisa)
88
Q

Describe France in 1660

A

largest population (4x as many people) & army of 400,000

constant warfare - spent 30 years trying to expand

Louis spent much on Versailles and the military with 4 wars fought

89
Q

Describe War of Spanish Succession

A

Charles II dies in 1700 and leaves throne to grandson Phillip who tries to unite Spain and France

Others in Europe (England, Austria, Netherlands, Portugal and the German states) united to stop this

13 year war which was costly

Led to Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 where Spain and France separate, Phillip gets Spanish throne while giving up the French throne, France loses some American colonies (Canada) but keeps small part of Germany

90
Q

What is Louis XIV legacy?

A

empire, debt, and resentment

91
Q

Til when was Louis XIV in power?

A

1715

92
Q

Describe Holy Roman Empire

A

electors-titles of the leading 7 princes of the Holy roman Empire who elected the emperor

emperor did not have total authority

in 1450s Hapsburgs ruled

93
Q

What was cause of Thrity Years War?

A

began as a religious dispute in 168 where HRE official ordered 2 Protestant Churches to be closed and they threw him out the window.

94
Q

What ended the Thirty Years War?

A

Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 which extended religious toleration to both Catholics and Protestants

Hapsburg hope of controlling the empire is gone

95
Q

Describe absolutism in Prussia

A

Fredrick William the Great elector 1640-1688

40,000 man army

1701 Fredrick william’s son-Elctor Fredrick III became Fredrick I

96
Q

Describe absolutism in Austria.

A

In 1555, Charles V splits Holy Roman empire between brother Ferdinand (Hapsburg-Austria) and son Phillip II (Netherlands, Spain, Sicily, and Spain’s colonies)

Austria Empire in Eastern Europe: after defeat of the Turks they took Hungary, Transsylvania, Croatia, and Slovenia

In 1740 Hapsburg HRE Charles VI died without a make heir-Pragmatic Sanction-stated that the empire could be passed to a female heir-Maria Theresa would take throne

97
Q

When did Ivan IV rule? What was his title?

A

1533-1584, czar or tsar

98
Q

What are the Boyars?

A

landowning nobles

99
Q

What was Ivan’s good period?

A

1547-1563

created a grand council

merit based military

new legal code

expanded Russia

100
Q

What was Ivan’s terrible period?

A

1560

became suspicious and killed many

created secret police to monitor people

killed his own sons

101
Q

What were the Time of Troubles?

A

battle for throne - boyars

chosen by the National Assembly Relative Michael Romanov in 1613

102
Q

When did Peter the Great rule?

A

1696-1725

103
Q

What changes occured during Peter’s rule?

A

Russian Orthodox Church-state controlled

Westernized professional army paid for with heavy taxes

New navy

104
Q

What were societal changes during Peter’s rule?

A

first newspaper

increased woman’s status

education increased with more schools

traditional dress banned

boyars beards cut

105
Q

What was St. Petersburg?

A

window to the west

water route to Europe

106
Q

What was the precedent in English Law?

A

1215 Magna Carta - limited the king’s pwoer and protected the citizen’s rights

107
Q

What was Parliament in 1295?

A

Parliament was legislative group of commoners and lords who work with the king to pass laws

108
Q

Name the 2 men and 2 women during England’s Tudor period?

A

Henry VIII - had 6 wiaves

Edward VI - Henry’s son

Mary - Catholic (daughter of Catherine and Henry VIII)

Elizabeth I - Protestant (daufther of Henry VIII and Anne)

109
Q

What Act did Henry VIII pass?

A

1534 - The Act of Supremacy

Named the King as the Head of the Church in England

= The Anglican Church

110
Q

What Act did Elizabeth I pass?

A

Act of Uniformity - made Anglicanism the official religion of England.

Elizabeth had good relationship with Parliament - let them speak and convene

111
Q

Who were the 2 English monarchs that clashed with Parliament?

A

James I (1603 - 1625)

Charles I (1625 - 1649)

112
Q

What about James I?

A

Scottish Stuarts

absolute monarch - divine right

Calvinist, outsider

Had trouble working with Parliament

King James I Bible in 1611

113
Q

What about Charles I?

A

Son of James I

Married a Catholic princess

Calls Parliament

Petition of Right

Law is higher than kins

Dissolves Parliament in 1629

114
Q

What was the Long parliament?

A

“Scot” problem - religious rebellion and in debt with England.

Parliament demaned that they had to be called every 3 years and that the King could not dissolve them

115
Q

What was the cause of the English Civil War: 1642 - 1649?

A

Cause: Parliament limit on king’s pwoer.

Charles I orders arrests because Parliament wanted to meet

116
Q

The English Civil War was between ______ vs ________

A

Royalists vs. Roundheads

Charles I captured byy 1647

Lost English civil war

Public execution

117
Q

Who was Oliver Cromwell

A

Puritan Roundhead leader

Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland

Commonwealth: 1) Puts down Irish rebellion; 2) Tolerance except for Catholics; 3) Thomas Hobbes wrote the Leviathan

118
Q

Charles II and James II ruled during England’s ______________ Period?

A

Restoration Period

Charles II (1660 - 1685)

James II (1685 - 1688)

119
Q

What about Charles II?

A

habeas corpus - 1679

  • no jailing for political opposition
  • speedy trial
  • Bubonic plague 1665 - 100,000 period killed; the Great Fire of London
120
Q

What about James II?

A

Catholic and married a Catholic princess

Believes in Absolute Monarchy

Dissolves Parliament

121
Q

Political changes followed in 1689 leading to the _________ Revolution.

The rulers were _________ and _______

A

Glorious Revolution

William and Mary

122
Q

What about William and Mary?

A

Prince of the Netherlands

Protestants

Parliamentary Invite

Bloodless overthrow of James II

William as new English king

123
Q

What is Constitutional Monarch?

A

Laws limit monarch’s power

English Bill of Rights

Constitutional Monarchy

Cabinet - prevent disagreements; link between monarchy / majority

124
Q

What were the 3 highlights of European Art in the 16th century?

A

1) The Baroque (Italy 16th Century - spread to rest of Europe and Latin America: classic Renaissance with 16th century religious revival. Sculptor Bernini - worked on St Peters Basilica and carved The Estasy of St. Theresa
2) Dutch REalism - realistic portrayal of everyday life
3) A Golden Age of Literature in England - Elizabethan Age - William Shakespear

Modern World-Notes (12 decks)

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