Chap 15 Notes Flashcards
When was black Death?
14th century
What did Black Death create?
economic decline
political chaos
religious decline
When was the Renaissance?
15th century
Where did Renaissance occur?
Europe
What were the social changes during the Renaissance?
Nobles less power
More peasants free
Renaissance village
What is Humanism during Renaissance?
Man is the Measure
What was invented during Renaissance? And what did it make available?
Moveable type (printing)
Gutenberg’s Bible 1445-1500
Describe state of power during Renaissance.
- Renaissance states or new monarchies formed in France, England and Spain
- concentration of royal authority
- preoccupation with political power
- Italian city states
- Milan, florence, Venice, Papal states, Kingdom of Naples
- Machiavelli the prince who believed the ends justify the means
Describe the Northern Renaissance
Christian Humanism - Desiderius Erasmus advocated philosophy of Christ: Christianity should be a guiding philosophy for the direction of daily life rather than the system of dogmatic beliefs and practices of the medieval church. Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched.
Describe the Roman Catholic Church in the 1400s
- Worldly “Renaissance” Popes 1450-1520
- Dissatisfaction
- corruption, abuse of power, immorality
- respect for clergy weakened
- heavy taxation caused discontent
- Financing the Basilica
- Pope Leo X - sale of indulgences
- Monk Johan Tetzel - as soon as the coin in the coffer rings the soul from purgatory springs
- veneration of relics
- pardons reduced a soul’s time in purgatory
- Working off sins
- sales of indulgences widely criticized
- government separate from church
What did Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses criticize?
the sale of indulgences
Where was Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses distributed?
across Europe
What were the key points of Luther’s Theses?
Justification by faith made a person deserving of salvation
head of church was Jesus not Pope
Who handed down Edict of Worms?
Emperor
What was Edict of Worms?
Declared luther to be outlawed
condemned his writings
Excommunicated in January 1521
Luther’s movement began to grow, spread and gained support of many rulers of the German states
How was Luther’s movement tied to political affairs?
- peasants war 1524: social discontent became entangled with religion
- revolt: Luther didn’t support it and called princes to crush the dissidents
- led to support of 300+ princes in the Holy Roman empire
Who was elected as the Holy Roman emperor and when?
Charles I of Spain and became Charles V
Was the political situation in the Holy roman empire in Charles’s favor?
No
What was Peace of Augsburg?
acknowledged the divison of Christianity
Lutherian states were to have the same legal rights as Catholic states (1555)-free to choose Lutheran of Catholic
True/False: ideal of christian unity was forever lost
true
What is Zwinglianism?
- Ulrich Zwingli was a priest in Zurich Switzerland
- Oversaw changes to the church
- a theocracy
- dies in battle against the Catholic states
What was Calvin and Calvinism a predestination for?
The English Reformation
Where did Calvin live?
Geneva
What was the English Reformation?
- it was rooted in politics not religion-King henry wanted to divorce his first wife
- The Act of supremacy in 1534 gave the king control of doctrine, clerical, appointment and discipline
- led to years of religious and political unrest in England
What was social impact of the Protestant Reformation?
Family placed at center of human life
For women, family life was their only destiny
Who were the leaders of the Tudor Dynasty 1495-1603?
Henry VII
Henry VIII 1509-1547
Edward I 1547-1553
Lady Jane Grace
Mary I 1553-1558
Elizabeth 1558-1603
When was Spanish Armada?
1588
What was the Catholic Reformation or counter-reformation?
Revitalization and reaction against the Protestant movement.
What was the Society of Jesus?
Jesuits-Ignatius of Loyola
new order: absolute obedience to the papcy and spread of the Catholic faith-missions, schools, universities.
Whom or what did the Reform commission blame the church’s problems?
the corrupt policies of popes and cardinals.
What was the Council of Trent 1545?
Reaffirmed traditional Catholic techings
Abolished sale of indulgences, financial abuses curbed, corruption of clergy addressed
What was the Inquisition 1542?
Church court established
accused people of witchcraft
stamp out rebellion through an index of forbidden books
torture execution
What was the Spanish Inquistion 1478?
religious conformity converting Jews and Muslims or removing them
What were the causes of the Protestant Reformation?
Humanist values led people to question church authority
Some clergy were corrupt, worldly, or poorly educated
Martin Luther posted his 95 theses
Printing press helped spread Reformation ideas
what were the effects of the Protestant Reformation?
Many Portestant sects developed
Church leaders reformed the Catholic Church
Religious inteolerance and anti-semitism increased
Religious conflicts spread across Europe
When were French Wars of Religion?
1562-1598
Who were the Huguenots?
French Calvinists (7% of population but 40-50% of the nobility including House of Bourbon)
Who was Henry of Navarre?
Protestant Prince (Huguenots)
Inherited throne
Also known as Henry IV
First Bourbon King
When did Henry of Navarre rule?
1589-1610
What was Protestant Reformation?
Protesting the Catholic Church aagainst corruption, sale of indulgences, and Jesus was the savior/leader not the Pope
Where were the Lutheran?
Scandinavia
Where were the Calvinist?
Puritan (England)
Huguenots (France)
What is Catholic Conversion?
Paris is well worth a mass
What was the Edict of Nantes?
religious toleration in 1598
Who was Charles V-HRE?
Charles II of Spain-Child of Isabella and Ferdinand
What did Charles V accomplish?
Peace of Augfsburg in 1555-each prince could choose faith
Success in Americas
Splits his Spanish empire between his bother (Hapsburg, Austria) and son (Netherlands, Spain, Sicily, and Spain’s colonies)
When did King Phillip II rule?
1556-1598 during Spain’s peak
Who was Phillip II?
Charles V’s son
What did Phillip II rule?
Spain, Spanish Netherlands, American colonies, Sicily
Was Phillip II the defender of the faith?
Yes
What was the defender of the faith?
Battle of Lepanto 1571 (Ottomans)
Spanish Armada 1588 - lost to Elizabeth.
What was the Escorial?
Palace of Phillip II
Who were the artists of the Golden Century?
Diego Velazquez
El Greco
Juana Ines de la Cruz
Miguel de Cervantes - Don Quixote
Why does Spanish empire decline?
autocratic rule
Inflation
population increase
price increase
drop in silver value
taxes
expulsion of Jews and Moors
no middle class
merchant guilds-no capitalism wealth flowed out
When did the England of Elizabeth begin?
1558
What was the England of Elizabeth also known as?
Elizabethean Age
What did the Spanish Armada-Protestant Wind mark?
Rise of England and fall of Spain
What were the social and economic crises of the the Elizabethan Age?
Population decline
Witchcraft mania
economic trends of the 17th century
What happened with population decline?
60 million in 1500 and 85 million in 1600
some decline by 1650 in central and southern Europe due to war, plague and famine
What happened with witchcraft mania 1450-1750?
50% were executed
100,000 were prosecuted
common people, poor, servants, and those without property were often accused
75% of women were single or widowed
What were the economic trends of the 17th century?
merchantilism-the wealth of a mnation was dependent on a plentiful supply of gold and silver
What were the Seventeenth Century Crises?
War and Revolution
What was the Thirty Years War 1618-1648?
Began in 1618 in the Germanic Landsof the Holy Roman Empire
Struggle between Catholic forces led by the Hapsburg Holy Roman Emperors and Protestant-Calvinist nobles in Bohemia who rebelled against the Hapsburg
1648 peace of Westphalia end the warwhich proclaimed that all the German Statesincluding Calvinist one were free to determine their own religion
Who emerged as the dominant nation after the thirty years war?
France
What was the guiding force in public affairs?
political motives
What is absolutism?
The practice in which sovereign power or ultimate authority in the state rested in the hands of a king who claimed to rule by divine right.
Who was the best example of an absolute ruler?
Louis XIV of France
Describe Louis XIV background.
He was born of a loveless marriage
His parents were so neglectful he claims he almost drowned
His servants were his best friends
He inherited the throne from a weak father
Real power was held by his mother Anne and Mazarin
Mother Anne ruled with Prime Minister Mazarin
Mazarin was tight with money and deprived Louis of proper sheets and clothing
Louis XIV was also known as
The Sun King
When did Louis XIV rule?
1643-1698 (54 years)
He was considered the most or least powerful king in Europe
most
When was Louis XIV crowned?
age 5
Who was Louis’ minister?
Cardinal Mazarin 1643-1661
When was the Thirty Years War Treaty?
1648
Whom did Mazarin fight with?
the nobles
The Fronde was a series of riots of nobles for 5 years which made Louis scared and distrustful of nobility
When did Louis become King?
1661
What is L’etat c’est moi?
I am the state
What is Louis do in governing with absolutism?
centralized power (religious, political, economic and military)
excluded nobles
used intendants (tax and justice agents)
Who was Jean Baptiste Colbert?
the finance minister
Was France the #1 industrialized power in Europe?
Yes
What were mercantilism policies?
subsidies and tax benefits to French companies
developed mining and agriculture
places high tariffs on incoming goods
encourages uses of raw materials from the colonies
Jean Baptiste Colbert made a more or less efficient tax system?
more
When did Colbert die?
1683
What happened to France after Colbert died in 1683?
Edict of Nantes revoked (no religious tolerance, 200000 Huguentos leave France)
Versailles was built
Fought costly wars against Sweden, Netherlands, Spain, Austria, and the German states
What was Versailles?
Personal household of the king
location of central government machinery
place where poweful subjects came to find favors for themselves and their clients
Describe the nobility at Versailles
morning dress
increased royal authority
dependence on Louis
kept from locales
Ten facts about Versailles
- took 40 years
- 60% of all state revenue goes to Versailles
- 4000 servants, 1000 nobles
- 250 acres
- 1300 rooms, 1400 fountains
- chapel, theater, library
- 11 miles from Paris
- Louis room at center
- Hall of Mirrors (408 mirrors/3000 candles)
- Patron of the Arts (Sun King, Mona Lisa)
Describe France in 1660
largest population (4x as many people) & army of 400,000
constant warfare - spent 30 years trying to expand
Louis spent much on Versailles and the military with 4 wars fought
Describe War of Spanish Succession
Charles II dies in 1700 and leaves throne to grandson Phillip who tries to unite Spain and France
Others in Europe (England, Austria, Netherlands, Portugal and the German states) united to stop this
13 year war which was costly
Led to Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 where Spain and France separate, Phillip gets Spanish throne while giving up the French throne, France loses some American colonies (Canada) but keeps small part of Germany
What is Louis XIV legacy?
empire, debt, and resentment
Til when was Louis XIV in power?
1715
Describe Holy Roman Empire
electors-titles of the leading 7 princes of the Holy roman Empire who elected the emperor
emperor did not have total authority
in 1450s Hapsburgs ruled
What was cause of Thrity Years War?
began as a religious dispute in 168 where HRE official ordered 2 Protestant Churches to be closed and they threw him out the window.
What ended the Thirty Years War?
Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 which extended religious toleration to both Catholics and Protestants
Hapsburg hope of controlling the empire is gone
Describe absolutism in Prussia
Fredrick William the Great elector 1640-1688
40,000 man army
1701 Fredrick william’s son-Elctor Fredrick III became Fredrick I
Describe absolutism in Austria.
In 1555, Charles V splits Holy Roman empire between brother Ferdinand (Hapsburg-Austria) and son Phillip II (Netherlands, Spain, Sicily, and Spain’s colonies)
Austria Empire in Eastern Europe: after defeat of the Turks they took Hungary, Transsylvania, Croatia, and Slovenia
In 1740 Hapsburg HRE Charles VI died without a make heir-Pragmatic Sanction-stated that the empire could be passed to a female heir-Maria Theresa would take throne
When did Ivan IV rule? What was his title?
1533-1584, czar or tsar
What are the Boyars?
landowning nobles
What was Ivan’s good period?
1547-1563
created a grand council
merit based military
new legal code
expanded Russia
What was Ivan’s terrible period?
1560
became suspicious and killed many
created secret police to monitor people
killed his own sons
What were the Time of Troubles?
battle for throne - boyars
chosen by the National Assembly Relative Michael Romanov in 1613
When did Peter the Great rule?
1696-1725
What changes occured during Peter’s rule?
Russian Orthodox Church-state controlled
Westernized professional army paid for with heavy taxes
New navy
What were societal changes during Peter’s rule?
first newspaper
increased woman’s status
education increased with more schools
traditional dress banned
boyars beards cut
What was St. Petersburg?
window to the west
water route to Europe
What was the precedent in English Law?
1215 Magna Carta - limited the king’s pwoer and protected the citizen’s rights
What was Parliament in 1295?
Parliament was legislative group of commoners and lords who work with the king to pass laws
Name the 2 men and 2 women during England’s Tudor period?
Henry VIII - had 6 wiaves
Edward VI - Henry’s son
Mary - Catholic (daughter of Catherine and Henry VIII)
Elizabeth I - Protestant (daufther of Henry VIII and Anne)
What Act did Henry VIII pass?
1534 - The Act of Supremacy
Named the King as the Head of the Church in England
= The Anglican Church
What Act did Elizabeth I pass?
Act of Uniformity - made Anglicanism the official religion of England.
Elizabeth had good relationship with Parliament - let them speak and convene
Who were the 2 English monarchs that clashed with Parliament?
James I (1603 - 1625)
Charles I (1625 - 1649)
What about James I?
Scottish Stuarts
absolute monarch - divine right
Calvinist, outsider
Had trouble working with Parliament
King James I Bible in 1611
What about Charles I?
Son of James I
Married a Catholic princess
Calls Parliament
Petition of Right
Law is higher than kins
Dissolves Parliament in 1629
What was the Long parliament?
“Scot” problem - religious rebellion and in debt with England.
Parliament demaned that they had to be called every 3 years and that the King could not dissolve them
What was the cause of the English Civil War: 1642 - 1649?
Cause: Parliament limit on king’s pwoer.
Charles I orders arrests because Parliament wanted to meet
The English Civil War was between ______ vs ________
Royalists vs. Roundheads
Charles I captured byy 1647
Lost English civil war
Public execution
Who was Oliver Cromwell
Puritan Roundhead leader
Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland
Commonwealth: 1) Puts down Irish rebellion; 2) Tolerance except for Catholics; 3) Thomas Hobbes wrote the Leviathan
Charles II and James II ruled during England’s ______________ Period?
Restoration Period
Charles II (1660 - 1685)
James II (1685 - 1688)
What about Charles II?
habeas corpus - 1679
- no jailing for political opposition
- speedy trial
- Bubonic plague 1665 - 100,000 period killed; the Great Fire of London
What about James II?
Catholic and married a Catholic princess
Believes in Absolute Monarchy
Dissolves Parliament
Political changes followed in 1689 leading to the _________ Revolution.
The rulers were _________ and _______
Glorious Revolution
William and Mary
What about William and Mary?
Prince of the Netherlands
Protestants
Parliamentary Invite
Bloodless overthrow of James II
William as new English king
What is Constitutional Monarch?
Laws limit monarch’s power
English Bill of Rights
Constitutional Monarchy
Cabinet - prevent disagreements; link between monarchy / majority
What were the 3 highlights of European Art in the 16th century?
1) The Baroque (Italy 16th Century - spread to rest of Europe and Latin America: classic Renaissance with 16th century religious revival. Sculptor Bernini - worked on St Peters Basilica and carved The Estasy of St. Theresa
2) Dutch REalism - realistic portrayal of everyday life
3) A Golden Age of Literature in England - Elizabethan Age - William Shakespear
