Chap 19.1 - Industrial Revolution - Notes

Question 1

Why and how was the textile industry invented?

Answer 1

• Cottage industry couldn’t keep up with demand for textiles
• Spinning jenny, water frame, spinning mule improved spinning
• Power loom sped up weaving
• Cottin gin separtaed seeds from cotton

Question 2

What led to rise of the factory?

Answer 2

New machines, often too big for homes, were put in factories

Factories located near power source: coal, iron, water

Question 3

What were the effects of the textile factories in Britain

Answer 3

Prices of mass-produced textiles were much lower than hard-produced items.

Britain’s textile industry increased enormously

Majority of villagers forced to leave to find work in urban factories

Question 4

What drove the need for energy?

Answer 4

Early factories relied on horses, oxen and water mills.

Steam engine evolved in response to the increasing need for power

Question 5

What were the effects of the steam engine?

Answer 5

Steam power used wherever coal existed, increased textile production.

Improved mining which increased metals which in turn fueled other industries.

Question 6

What drove the need for iron?

Answer 6

Farming tools, new factory machinery, railways

Smelting makes iron more pure, but requires carbon

Question 7

What drove the need for coal

Answer 7

Carbon necessary for smelting iron.

Steam engines powered by coal

Question 8

What were effects of the iron and coal

Answer 8

Britain produced more iron than all other countries of the world combined.

Coal powered Britain’s enormous navy

Question 9

What drove the need for better transportation?

Answer 9

Increased production increased the need to transport goods quickly and cheaply

Pre-industrial society used horses, mules and dirt roads

Question 10

What transportation inventions?

Answer 10

Stone and eventually asphalt roads

Canals

Railroad era rushes in with the Rocket in 1829

Question 11

What were effects of the railroads

Answer 11

• Expanded rapidly throughout Britain
• Cheaper transportation increased production and profits.
• Railway fueled other industries: coal, steam engine, iron, steel and many manufactured products

Question 12

Why did Great Britain lead the way?

Answer 12

Factors of Production: Land, Labor and Capital

1. Geography
2. Government
3. Social factors
4. Colonial empire

Question 13

How did Great Britain’s geography help industrialization?

Answer 13

Climate good for textile production

Plenty of natural resources such as iron and coal, rivers and harbors

Separation from European continent kept them out of wars

Question 14

How did Great Britain’s government help industrialization?

Answer 14

Internal trade encourged - capital and entrepreneurs (middle class)

Population allowed to relocate

Helped build canals and roads

Political instability

Question 15

How did Social Factors help industrialization

Answer 15

British society was less rigid than other European countries

Question 16

What did its colonial empire affect industrialization

Answer 16

Colonial empires supplied raw materials for manufactured goods.

Provided markets for goods.

Question 17

What were advantages of industrializing first?

Answer 17

• No other country competing for manufactured goods.
• Monopoly on technology.

First industrialized on the European continent: Belgium, France and the German states

Question 18

Give 4 positives about industrialization

Answer 18

1. More jobs
2. Economic opportunities
3. Cheaper items
4. Better standard of living

Question 19

Give 4 negatives of industrialization

Answer 19

1. Unhealthy working conditions.
2. Pollution.
3. Child labor
4. Class tensions

Question 20

What were the effects of urbanization

Answer 20

City building and the movement of people to cities.

• Between 1750 and 1850, the population doubled.
• More than 50% of the British population lived in towns and cities by 1850

London’s population: 1 millino in 1800; 3 million by 1901

Question 21

Who were the Luddites?

Answer 21

Ned Ludd - destroyed machines and attacked factories.

Why? Machines were taking people’s jobs.

Question 22

What is capitalism?

Answer 22

An economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit.

Question 23

What is laissez-faire?

Answer 23

• Economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference.
• Philosophers believe government should resist the idea of helping poor workers.
• Believed passing laws would upset the free market system and result in less wealth

Question 24

What did Adam Smith write?

What were his most important ideas?

Answer 24

Wrote The Wealth of Nations

Idea: 3 natural laws.

1. Self-interest
2. Competition
3. Supply and demand

Idea: Government should stay out of business

Question 25

What did David Ricardo write and what were his ideas?

Answer 25

Iron Law of Wages

Wrote Principles of Political Economy and Taxation

• Permanent underclass would always be poor; if there are many resources and workers, labor and resources are cheap.
• Iron Law of Wages: wages would go lower as a population increased.

Question 26

What were Robert Owen’s Utopian ideas?

Answer 26

Socialist Utopian

Created factories to improve worker’s life.

Built factories in New Lanark, Scotland; New Harmony, Indiana

Question 27

What is Socialism?

Answer 27

Socialism - the factors of production are owned by the public.

• Government should plan the economy and consequently control factories mines, railroads, etc.
• Public ownership would promote equality and end poverty.

Question 28

What party emerged in Germany?

What did they hope to achieve?

Answer 28

The German Social Democratic Party (SPD) emerged in 1875.

Worked to achieve legislation to improve the condition of the working class.

Question 29

Who was Karl Marx?

What did he write?

Answer 29

Karl Marx was known for Radical Socialism.

Wrote Communist Manifesto in 1848.

Workers of the world unite!

Question 30

What were the main ideas of Marx’s Communist Manifesto?

Answer 30

• Bourgeoise vs. Proletariats
• Employers vs Workers
• Prediction: the Proletariats would revolt and take over the factories.
• Consequently, poverty disappears
• Dictatorship of the proletariats.

In Communism, all means of production would be owned by the people.

No private property. All resources are shared equally.

Question 31

How was Marx wrong?

Answer 31

Marx was wrong:

• Economic forces do not completely dominate society.
• Religion, nationalism, democracy are strong forces as well.
• Wages and the standard of living has increased.
• Legislation passed to protect workers.

Question 32

What are labor unions?

Answer 32

An association of workers formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages.

Question 33

What is collective bargaining?

How did British government view unions and strikers?

Answer 33

Negotiations between workers and factory owners.

If factory owners refused the demand of workers, how would the workers respond?

Strike - refuse to work.

Combination Acts - British Parliament outlaws unions and strikes.