Chap 2 Flashcards
90% of our bodies are composed of
H,O,C,N
Ionic Bonds
electrons are gained or lost
Cation
loses electron, POSITVE
Anion
gains electron, NEGATIVE
Unstable Free Radicals
can disrupt nearby molecules leading to loss of function and perhaps cellular damage
Molecules
2 or more atoms bonded together
Solution
Mixture of both solutes and solvents
Normal pH of blood
7.4
Metabolism
chemical/ energy transformations in the body
-coverts food/ beverages into energy
Catabolism
chemical breakdown of substances into smaller ones, usually to form unstable energy
Anabolism
synthesis of more complex substances, uses energy
Carbohydrates
- contain C, O, H is fixed proportion
- commonly found in body as hexoses and pentoses
- found in monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
Monosaccharides
Simple Sugars
Dehydration Synthesis
loss of water __ + ___ –> ___ + H2O
Hydrolysis
gain of water
- __ + H2O –> __ + __
Lipids
Divided into 3 general classes : Triglycerides, Phospholipids, Steroids
Triglycerides
- fat storage,
- composed of 1 glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acid chains
- insulate, cushion and protect vital organs
Phospholipids
has polar and non-polar ends, polar head non-polar tails
Steroids
composed of linked hydrocarbon rings, most important: cholesterol (produced by SER)(important part of cell membranes)
Endergonic Reaction
Energy gained
Photosynthesis
Exergonic Reaction
Energy lost
Cellular Respiration
Polar
+/- poles
- highly soluble in water
Nonpolar
insoluble in water
Water is polar or nonpolar?
Polar
Water!
- Solvent
- Lubricant
- Cohesion
- High Heat Capacity
- Heat vaporization is high
- Required for Catabolism
Catabolism
can chemically break down molecules (nutreints)
Substance from food that is used by the body for its life functions
ex. growth, movement, respiration
Nutrient
Nutrients provide …
energy
Classes of nutrients
MAJOR -Carbs -proteins NOT SO MAJOR -Lipids -Vitamins -Minerals -Water
Plants
Starch, sucrose, cellulose
Animals
Glycogen, lactose
Carbs must be broken down into ____ to be absorbed
monosaccharides
Reduced Carb intake =
- increased protein and fat metabolism,
- loss of protein mass
Excess Carb leads to
obesity and elevated blood lipid lvl
Saturated
- no double bonds
- animal sources
- solid at room temp
Unsaturated
- double bond
- plant sources
- liquid at room temp
Polyunsaturated
-muliple double bond
Glycerol
molecule consisted of 3 carbon atoms
Fatty Acids
- long carbon chains with bound H atom
- carboxylic tail which gives chain its acid properties
Alpha helices is an example of ?
Secondary structure
What holds 2 strands of a DNA molecule together?
hydrogen bonding btwn opposing nitogeneuos bases
Manganese is a ____ element of the human body
trace
Primary structure
sequence of amino acids boned together in a linear chain
Secondary Structure
Results from bonds btwn atoms at differnent parts of polypeptide chain
Tertiary Structure
primarily from interactions btwn the polypeptide chain and the surrounding water molecules
Quaternary Structure
interaction btwn individual polypeptide chain to form a protein complex
Enzymes
promote chemical reactions by lowering activation energy requirements
Are enzymes catalysts?
YES
Nucliec Acids
storage ans transfer info
-composed of C, H, O, N, P
Formation of ATP begins with
adenosine
