Ch9 Flashcards
The desire to approach other people
interpersonal attraction
_____ is the term that indicates the desire to approach other people.
Interpersonal attraction
The need to interact with others and be socially accepted
need to belong
The theory that we evaluate our thoughts and actions by comparing them with those of others
social comparison theory
The theory that we seek out and maintain those relationships in which the rewards exceed the costs
social exchange theory
Belongingness (or the need to belong) was one of five essential human needs in Festinger’s hierarchy of needs, along with physiological needs, safety needs, self-esteem needs, and self-actualization needs.(TF)
False (This is part of Maslow’s system)
Some people remain in dissatisfying or even harmful relationships if no alternative relationships are available, or none appear appreciably more rewarding than the current one.(TF)
TRUE
Which theory asserts that we will terminate a relationship if we determine that the costs are greater than the rewards?
a. Social exchange
b. Interpersonal attraction
c. The need to belong
d. Social comparison
a. Social exchange
When we evaluate our own actions by comparing them to others, we are engaging in _____.
a. social exchange
b. interpersonal attraction
c. the need to belong
d. social comparison
d. social comparison
When are we most likely to make social comparisons, according to Festinger?
a. When we are happy
b. When we are tired
c. When we are confident
d. When we feel uncertain
d. When we feel uncertain
An extrovert’s nervous system normally operates at a relatively high level of arousal. (TF)
false (The nervous system of an extrovert operates at a low level of arousal.)
People who are _____ generally perform better in noisy settings.
a. extroverted
When the brain signals an alarm when we are socially rejected, it is promoting the goal of _____.
a. marriage
b. family systems
c. social connectedness
d. fight-or-flight syndrome
c. social connectedness
Collectivist Russians expect to form deep bonds with their friends and to have these intimate friendships extend over many years. (TF)
True
In individualist cultures, there is a higher need for which of the following?
a. Independent relationships
b. Social exclusion
c. Belonging
d. Distance from attachments
c. Belonging
People in individualist cultures tend to have less _____ friendships than those in collectivist cultures.
a. short-term
b. surface
c. intimate
d. rocky
c. intimate
Two basic reasons for interpersonal attraction are….
social comparison and social exchange
Belongingness desires are influenced by the following:
-evolutionary heritage
-biological arousability and other neural activity
-culture and gender
One of the most important factors determining whether you become friends with other people is _____.
a. proximity
b. social interaction
c. affiliation
d. similarity
a. proximity
At times, when anticipating a fearful event, people prefer someone who has already experienced the fearful event and who can tell them something about it. They are seeking information dependence.(TF)
false (They are seeking cognitive clarity.)
What was the dependent variable in the study Schachter did on anxiety with college students?
a. Electrical shocks
b. The choice of being with someone or alone
c. Anxiety
d. Gender
b. The choice of being with someone or alone
What method did Schachter use to increase anxiety in participants in his anxiety study?
a. The loss of friendships
b. The threat of being fired
c. The threat of electrical shocks
d. The threat of incarceration
c. The threat of electrical shocks
Two situational factors that influence interpersonal attraction are:
proximity and anxiety-inducing events
We form emotional bonds with those who are physically (or virtually) close to us.
proximity
The desire for social comparison attracts us to similarly anxious others.
anxiety-inducing events
Affiliation provides opportunities for…
cognitive clarity
Dyadic interactions satisfy…
belongingness needs more than large group gatherings.
The belief that physically attractive individuals possess socially desirable personality traits and lead happier lives than less attractive persons
physical attractiveness stereotype
Good-looking people tend to be more intelligent, dominant, happy, and mentally healthy than unattractive people. (TF)
b. False (Even though we think good-looking people are more intelligent, dominant, happy, and mentally healthy than unattractive people, this is not really the case.)
Which of the following is the belief that physically attractive people possess better personalities and have happier lives?
a. The law of beauty
b. Physical attractiveness stereotype
c. Physical attraction bias
d. Pretty people syndrome
b. Physical attractiveness stereotype
_____ states that attractive people tend to act poised and self-confident because people expect them to.
a. Likability bias
b. Stereotype of attractiveness
c. Self-fulfilling prophecy
d. Proximity effect
c. Self-fulfilling prophecy
A waist-to-hip ratio of 0.5 is universally perceived as attractive because it is a biologically accurate indicator that the woman is young, fertile, and currently not pregnant. (TF)
b. False(The ratio is 0.7)
In terms of looking for a husband, what characteristics do women value in men?
a. Sensitivity and progressive values
b. Youth and vitality
c. Status, ambition, and social dominance
d. High reproductive potential
c. Status, ambition, and social dominance
A _____ waist-hip ratio is the universally preferred female body type.
a. 0.7
b. 0.10
c. 0.5
d. 0.12
a. 0.7
What characteristic do we use to judge attractive faces by?
a. Being oval
b. Being symmetrical
c. Being asymmetrical
d. Being round
b. Being symmetrical
The act of treating a person as a mere object of sexual desire
sexual objectification
A person’s attitudes toward his or her body
body esteem
Although men generally have more positive body esteem than women, their negative body attitudes are often linked to the hypermuscular male standard pushed by the media and culture. (TF)
TRUE
In general, _____ women tend to express more satisfaction with their bodies.
a. white
b. minority
c. young
d. older
b. minority
We tend to be judged attractive or unattractive, regardless of how attractive another person is. (TF)
False (We tend to be judged more attractive after others have seen an unattractive same-sex person and less attractive when others have just seen someone who is very good-looking.)
The proposition that people are attracted to others who are similar to them in particular characteristics
matching hypothesis
_____ is the tendency to be attracted to people who are similar to us.
a. Matching hypothesis
b. Norm of similarity
c. Similarity effect
d. Like hypothesis
a. Matching hypothesis
Cross-cultural studies find some universal beauty standards…
-Men place a higher value on a physically attractive partner than do women.
-Women are judged more attractive if they have immature and dependent-looking facial features.
-Men are judged more attractive if they have mature facial characteristics related to social dominance
The unpleasant emotion people experience due to their concern with interpersonal evaluation
social anxiety
Although almost everyone occasionally thinks that others can “see right through them” more than is actually the case, people whose social anxiety is more situational are more susceptible to the illusion that others notice their nervousness. (TF)
FALSE (People whose social anxiety is more trait-like and chronic are more susceptible to the illusion that others notice their nervousness.)
Having a smaller or less satisfactory network of social and intimate relationships than one desires
loneliness
The elderly suffer most from loneliness. (tf)
FALSE(Loneliness is higher for people in their late 20s, mid-50s, and late 80s.)
Lonely people appear to be especially attentive to others and are more accurate than other people when reading social signs.(TF)
TRUE
In their leisure activities, lonely people often rely upon the television, computer, and radio as substitutes for interpersonal relationships. (TF)
a. True
People who do have a romantic partner, but feel otherwise socially isolated and lonely, can become overly dependent on the relationship, and this is more true for women than men.(TF)
b. False (It is more true for men)
“I’m lonely because I haven’t tried hard enough to meet others. I can change that by letting others know I’m fun to be around” is an example of a stable and internal causal attribution for loneliness. (TF)
b. False (Rationale: It is unstable and internal)
What sort of causal attribution would we assign to someone who states, “I’m too shy”?
a. Internal/stable
b. Stable/external
c. Unstable/internal
d. Unstable/external
a. Internal/stable
Those who blame themselves for their social isolation tend to suffer from _____.
a. short-term loneliness
b. chronic loneliness
c. a social state of blame
d. unbalanced emotions
b. chronic loneliness
A behavioral training program designed to improve interpersonal skills through observation, modeling, role-playing, and behavioral rehearsal
social skills training
