CH6 Flashcards
The behavioral component that is necessary in understanding intergroup conflict and intolerance is _____.
a. prejudice
b. stereotyping
c. racism
d. discrimination
d. discrimination
In understanding intergroup conflict and intolerance, the cognitive component is _____.
a. racism
b. prejudice
c. stereotyping
d. discrimination
c. stereotyping
Any group to which a person does not belong is _____.
a. an ingroup
b. an outgroup
c. a subgroup
d. a pressure group
b. an outgroup
In understanding intergroup conflict and intolerance, the affective component is _____.
a. discrimination
b. prejudice
c. stereotyping
d. racism
b. prejudice
A group to which we belong and that forms a part of our social identity
ingroup
Any group with which we do not share membership
outgroup
Beliefs about the personalities, abilities, and motives of a social group that don’t allow for individual variation
stereotypes
Most basic level breakdown of stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination
-stereotypes involve beliefs
-prejudice involves attitudes
-discrimination involves actions
Perception of outgroup members as being more similar to one another than are members of one’s ingroup
outgroup homogeneity effect
The belief that two variables are associated with each other when in fact there is little or no actual association
illusory correlation
A cognitive process in which people perceive an individual who doesn’t fit their stereotype as being an exception to the rule and they create a separate subcategory of the stereotype for that individual
subtyping
If a researcher asked you if you believed “older adults are frail” your answer would reflect an implicit stereotype, or your consciously held beliefs about the group. (TF)
false (This is an explicit stereotype, a consciously held belief, as opposed to an implicit stereotype, which is automatic.)
*asked you is they key
We invest less cognitive effort when attending to outgroup members compared to ingroup members, relying more on group-based stereotypes when making social judgments. (TF)
True
Though women are better represented in science careers, gender stereotypes about women in these professions have persisted. (TF)
False(As the proportion of women in science careers has increased, there has been a corresponding decrease in gender stereotypes about women in these professions.)
The perception of outgroup members as being more similar to each other than members of our ingroups is _____.
a. stereotyping
b. illusory correlation
c. outgroup homogeneity effect
d. prejudice
c. outgroup homogeneity effect
The cognitive process in which you observe a person who does not fit your stereotype for a certain type of person, so you create a separate subcategory of the stereotype is _____.
a. ambivalence
b. illusory correlation
c. implicit prejudice
d. subtyping
d. subtyping
Attitudes toward members of specific groups that directly or indirectly suggest they deserve an inferior social status
prejudice
Prejudicial attitudes that are consciously held, even if they are not publicly expressed
explicit prejudice
Unconsciously held prejudicial attitudes
implicit prejudice
Negative and/or patronizing action toward members of specific groups
discrimination
Explicit prejudice appears to have neurological underpinnings, meaning that it activates specific brain regions associated with threat and fear reactions. (TF)
False (This refers to implicit prejudice)
Being unaware of the prejudice one has against a specific group is _____.
a. hidden prejudice
b. explicit prejudice
c. implicit prejudice
d. cognitive dissonance
c. implicit prejudice
When our prejudice is conscious and open rather than unconscious, we have _____.
a. a hidden prejudice
b. an explicit prejudice
c. an implicit prejudice
d. cognitive dissonance
b. an explicit prejudice
A theory that the form of prejudice directed toward a particular group is determined by perceptions of the group’s warmth and competence
Stereotype Content Model
Envious prejudice is composed of high warmth and low competence. (TF)
False (Envious prejudice is composed of low warmth and high competence. The description above describes paternalistic prejudice.0
No Prejudice
High Warmth, High Competence
Envious Prejudice
Low Warmth, High Competence
Paternalistic Prejudice
High Warmth, Low Competence
Contemptuous Prejudice
Low Warmth, Low Competence
An attribute that serves to discredit a person in the eyes of others
stigma
Prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s racial background
racism
Police training completely reduces race-based shooter bias. (TF)
False (Police training can reduce race-based shooter bias, but it does not eliminate it.)
Attitudes toward members of a racial group that incorporate both egalitarian social values and negative emotions
aversive racism
Having both positive and negative beliefs and feelings about a particular racial group is called aversive racism.(TF)
true
A woman claims to believe in fair wages, yet avoids conversations about the issue at the nail salon she visits because she feels the immigrants who work there do not deserve a fair wage. Which type of racism is this?
a. Ambivalent
b. Contradictory
c. Aversive
d. Overt
Aversive
Any attitude, action, or institutional structure that subordinates a person because of her or his sex or gender
sexism
Sexism directed against women based on both positive and negative attitudes (hostility and benevolence) rather than on uniform dislike
ambivalent sexism
overt hostility and derogatory attitudes towards women and is what most people typically think of as sexism.
Hostile sexism
paternalistic attitude towards women that suggests that women are “warm and wonderful” people who are in need of male protection. While on the surface this attitude seems positive, it also reflects the belief that women are inferior and need to be cared for, much like children.
benevolent sexism
Ambivalently sexist individuals respond differently (with hostility or warmth) to women based on whether they are perceived to be conforming or rebelling against traditional gender roles. (TF)
true
Which theory proposes the justification for a patriarchal and sexist society?
a. Social dominance theory
b. Social compliance theory
c. Social inequity theory
d. Social identity theory
a. Social dominance theory
The attitude about women that values them as mothers, wives, and nurturers, but is hostile when they step out of traditional gender roles is _____.
a. patriarchal oppression
b. male dominant sexism
c. ambivalent sexism
d. reverse sexism
c. ambivalent sexism
The tendency for individuals who are associated with stigmatized people to also face negative evaluations from others
courtesy stigma
Antifat prejudice
-antifat prejudice refers to the negative attitudes, stereotypes, and discrimination directed toward individuals based on their body size or weight, particularly those who are overweight or obese
-more pronounced in individualist cultures like the United States and Australia compared with collectivist cultures like Mexico and India, partly because individualists are more likely than collectivists to hold people accountable for personal outcomes
Negative attitudes based on sexual orientation, whether the target is homosexual, bisexual, or heterosexual
sexual prejudice
A system of cultural beliefs, values, and customs that exalts heterosexuality and denies, denigrates, and stigmatizes any nonheterosexual form of behavior or identity
heterosexism
It has been proven that mentally ill people are more violent than the average person. (TF)
false (Research clearly indicates that the cultural stereotype associating mental illness with violence is grossly exaggerated and largely unfounded.)
A system of cultural beliefs that denigrate and stigmatize any form of nonheterosexual identity is _____.
a. sexual stigma
b. interpersonal discrimination
c. heterosexism
d. sexual prejudice
c. heterosexism
The apprehension people feel when performing a task in which their group is stereotyped to lack ability
stereotype threat
Stereotype threat has no impact on women and their ability to do math tasks. (TF)
false (Stereotype threat has been found to negatively impact women on math tasks.)
The term used to describe the apprehension felt by people performing a task in which their group is stereotyped as lacking ability is _____.
a. stereotype threat
b. cognitive dissonance
c. suppressed anger
d. intergroup anxiety
a. stereotype threat
A theory suggesting that people seek to enhance their self-esteem by identifying with specific social groups and perceiving these groups as being better than other groups
social identity theory
The tendency to give more favorable evaluations and great rewards to ingroup members than to outgroup members
ingroup bias
According to the stereotype content model, we seek to enhance our self-esteem by identifying with specific social groups and perceiving these groups as being better than other groups. (TF)
False (This describes social identity theory.)
Individuals who have low implicit self-esteem may lash out at others who threaten their fragile feelings of self-worth if they have _____.
a. high disregard for others
b. high explicit self-esteem
c. low ingroup ties
d. no ingroup ties
b. high explicit self-esteem
The tendency to give more favorable evaluations and greater rewards to ingroup members as opposed to outgroup members is _____.
a. subtype bias
b. stigmatizing
c. discrimination
d. ingroup bias
d. ingroup bias
The theory that intergroup conflict develops from competition for limited resources
realistic group conflict theory
A pattern of increased hostility toward outgroups accompanied by increased loyalty to one’s ingroup
ethnocentrism
A mutually shared goal that can be achieved only through intergroup cooperation
superordinate goal
A superordinate goal is a mutually shared goal that cannot be achieved through intergroup cooperation. (TF)
false ( can only be achieved through intergroup cooperation.)
What was the main hypothesis in Sherif’s classic Robbers Cave experiment on intergroup competition?
a. Intergroup competition would create prejudice.
b. Gender would influence behavior.
c. Competition would result from pitting groups against each other.
d. Competition is a precursor to ethnocentrism.
a. Intergroup competition would create prejudice.
A theory contending that societal groups can be organized in a power hierarchy in which the dominant groups enjoy a disproportionate share of the society’s assets and the subordinate groups receive most of its liabilities
social dominance theory
The tendency for members of disadvantaged groups to downplay personal discrimination in their own live
personal-group discrimination discrepancy
A theory proposing that members of both advantaged and disadvantaged groups often adopt beliefs endorsing the legitimacy and fairness of the unequal group status hierarchy in society
system justification theory
Societal stereotypes play an important role in system justification because they justify the positive outcomes of dominant groups, the negative outcomes of subordinate groups, and the exploitation of subordinate groups by dominant groups.(TF)
true
The Europeans who founded this country did not arrive on uninhabited shores in the “New World.” These settlers used their superior weapons to dominate and conquer the indigenous people of North America. This is an example of the realistic group conflict theory.(TF)
false (This represents the social dominance theory.)
A mutually shared goal that can be achieved only through intergroup cooperation is _____.
a. a shared group goal
b. group goal mapping
c. a superordinate goal
d. a social dominance goal
c. a superordinate goal
The theory that contends that societal groups can be organized in a hierarchical way such that dominant groups enjoy a disproportionate share of the society’s assets while the subordinate group receive most of its liabilities, is _____.
a. social dominance theory
b. superordinate goal theory
c. system justification theory
d. personal-group discrimination discrepancy
a. social dominance theory
A personality type characterized by submissiveness to authority, rigid adherence to conventional values, and prejudice toward outgroups
authoritarian personality
Authoritarians are not more likely to excuse atrocities committed by their own military forces during military interventions. (TF)
b. False (They are more likely to excuse them.)
We can avoid prejudiced responding (and discrimination) if high-prejudiced standards are central to our self-concept and we bring these standards to mind before acting.(TF)
False (We need to have low-prejudiced standards.)
The theory that under certain conditions, direct contact between antagonistic groups will reduce prejudice is known as _____.
a. conflict resolution
b. ingroup-outgroup blending
c. the contact hypothesis
d. the interaction effect
c. the contact hypothesis
How can people learn to avoid using stereotypes in their social judgments?
a. By going to therapy and learning new behavioral techniques
b. By avoiding the groups that they stereotype
c. By being self-aware and by consciously self-regulating
d. By reverse thinking
c. By being self-aware and by consciously self-regulating
The theory that under certain conditions, direct contact between antagonistic groups will reduce prejudice
contact hypothesis
Anxiety due to anticipating negative consequences when interacting with an outgroup member
intergroup anxiety
When people experience intergroup anxiety, they often adopt a protective self-presentation style. (TF)
TRUE
The contact hypothesis identifies four conditions to reduce prejudice:
-equal social status
-sustained close contact
-intergroup cooperation
-social norms favoring equality
Members of groups in conflict should interact in settings where everyone has roughly equal status.
equal social status
Interaction between members of different groups should be one-on-one and should be maintained over an extended period of time.
Sustained close contact
Members of different groups should engage in joint activities to achieve superordinate goals.
intergroup cooperation
There must be a clear social perception, largely fostered by group authority figures, that prejudice and discrimination are not condoned.
social norms favoring equality
A reformulated version of the contact hypothesis adds a fifth condition:
friendship potential
xx
A cooperative group-learning technique designed to reduce prejudice and raise self-esteem
jigsaw classroom
