CH8 Flashcards
A group commonly consists of people who do which of the following?
a. Avoid each other to prevent any trouble
b. Interact on a regular basis and have emotional ties to each other
c. Interact on a case-by-case basis and have emotional ties to each other
d. Interact on a case-by-case basis and have no emotional ties to each other
b. Interact on a regular basis and have emotional ties to each other
When members of a group depend on one another to achieve group goals and when events that affect one member also affect others in the group, this is known as _____.
a. interdependence
b. independence
c. intersectionality
d. intuition
a. interdependence
The flight crew consisting of pilot, co-pilot, navigator, head flight attendant, and other flight attendants is an example of a socio-emotional group. (TF)
FALSE (It is an example of a work group or a task-oriented group)
Several interdependent people who have emotional ties and interact on a regular basis
group
Interdependence does not imply that events that affect one group member affect others in the group as well. (TF)
False (Events that affect one member can affect others as well.)
People join groups for the accomplishment of instrumental tasks and also for which of the following?
a. Ignoring social-emotional needs
b. Dissemination of social-economical needs
c. Health of the group
d. Satisfaction of socio-emotional needs
d. Satisfaction of socio-emotional needs
A theory of group membership describing the changes that occur over time in members and in the group due to their mutual influence and interdependence
temporal model of group membership
In a collectivist culture, phases of group membership are more affected by tension between the individual and the group. (TF)
FALSE (In a collectivist culture, phases of group membership are less affected by tension between the individual and the group.)
When individuals and groups try to persuade the other to meet each other’s needs and expectations, it is referred to as the investigation phase. (TF)
FALSE (In the investigation phase, the group seeks people who seem likely to attain group goals, and prospective members seek groups that provide the opportunity to satisfy personal needs.)
The three psychological processes that propel people into and out of groups are ongoing evaluations, feelings of commitment, and role transitions. (TF)
TRUE
A theory that the development of group status is based on members’ expectations of others’ probable contributions to the achievement of group goals, and that these expectations are shaped not only by members’ task-relevant characteristics but also by diffuse-status characteristics, such as race, sex, age, and wealth
expectation states theory
Social psychologists have identified a number of common elements. The most important are social norms, social roles, and status systems. (TF)
true
What are social roles?
a. Clusters of socially defined expectations that individuals in a given situation are expected to fulfill
b. Clusters of individually defined expectations that individuals in a given situation are expected to fulfill
c. An individual instance that provides an expectation that members can choose to follow
d. Clusters of socially defined expectations that individuals are not expected to fulfill
a. Clusters of socially defined expectations that individuals in a given situation are expected to fulfill
Social _____ are the expected standards of behaviors and beliefs established and enforced by a group.
a. norms
b. standards
c. seeding
d. studies
a. norms
The joy expressed by citizens following their nation’s military and political successes is an example of BIRGing. (TF)
TRUE
identification with and embracing of ingroup success is known as
basking in reflected glory (BIRGing)
To protect self-esteem, we may psychologically distance ourselves from the group, a process called
cutting off reflected failure (CORFing)
Staci’s sorority sister was just elected to be mayor of her town. She brags to everyone she knows about her sorority sister’s achievements. Staci is participating in what type of group identification?
a. Cutting off reflected failure
b. Group self-esteem
c. Basking in reflected glory
d. In-grouping
c. Basking in reflected glory
Christina’s company is having layoffs and cutting staff. When asked about it, she exclaims that she is already looking for a new role. Christina is engaging in what type of behavior?
a. Cutting off reflected failure
b. Group self-esteem
c. Basking in reflected glory
d. In-grouping
a. Cutting off reflected failure
As social cohesion increases, we are less willing to sacrifice for the good of the group (TF)
False (We are more willing to sacrifice for the good of the group.)
Gossip conveys negative information about others and frequently occurs when a group member violates social norms. (TF)
TRUE
A group commonly consists of people who do which of the following?
a. Avoid each other to prevent any trouble
b. Interact on a regular basis and have emotional ties to each other
c. Interact on a case-by-case basis and have emotional ties to each other
d. Interact on a case-by-case basis and have no emotional ties to each other
b. Interact on a regular basis and have emotional ties to each other
When members of a group depend on one another to achieve group goals and when events that affect one member also affect others in the group, this is known as _____.
a. interdependence
b. independence
c. intersectionality
d. intuition
a. interdependence
The enhancement of dominant responses due to the presence of others
social facilitation
The evaluation apprehension explanation states that when an animal (human or otherwise) is working on a task in the presence of other conspecifics, it experiences conflict regarding whether to attend to its companions or the task at hand. (TF)
False (This describes the distraction-conflict theory.)
Social psychologists describe the social _____ effect as the result of the presence of others. It can enhance the speed with which people perform relatively simple tasks, whereas it inhibits task efficiency in more complex activities.
a. performance
b. facilitation
c. dominance
d. loafing
b. facilitation
In the _____ theory, when an animal is working on a task in the presence of its companions, it experiences conflict regarding whether to attend to its companions or the task at hand.
a. distraction-conflict
b. member cohesion
c. social loafing
d. social facilitation
a. distraction-conflict
Group-induced reduction in individual output when performers’ efforts are pooled and cannot, therefore, be judged, is known as _____.
a. social loafing
b. social exclusion
c. distraction-conflict
d. social dependency
a. social loafing
_____ occurs when individuals are concerned over being judged by others within the group.
a. Social apprehension
b. Social facilitation
c. Evaluation apprehension
d. Presence apprehension
c. Evaluation apprehension
_____ hypothesizes that the presence of other people in a situation makes one less personally responsible for the events that occur in that situation.
a. Performance distraction
b. Acceptance of responsibility
c. Social dominance
d. Diffusion of responsibility
d. Diffusion of responsibility
Group-induced reduction in individual output when performers’ efforts are pooled and cannot, therefore, be individually judged
social loafing
The belief that the presence of other people in a situation makes one less personally responsible for the events that occur in that situation
diffusion of responsibility
A likely explanation for social facilitation is that when people work in a group, they realize that their individual output will be “lost in the crowd.” As a result, they feel less personally responsible for the outcome, and their performance effort declines. (TF)
false (This explains social loafing.)
When individual effort in a group can be identified and evaluated, social loafing is _____.
a. greatly increased
b. intermittent
c. terminated completely
d. greatly reduced
d. greatly reduced
The loss of a sense of individual identity and a loosening of normal inhibitions against engaging in behavior that is inconsistent with internal standards
deindividuation
The loss of a sense of individual identity and a loosening of inhibitions that would normally be against engaging in behavior that is inconsistent with internal standards is known as _____.
a. inhibition suppression
b. group performance
c. social loafing
d. deindividuation
d. deindividuation
All group members must agree on the same position before a decision is finalized.
Unanimity rule
A group opts for whatever position is held by more than 50% of its members.
Majority-wins rule:
When there is no clear majority, the group opts for the position that has the most support.
Plurality-wins rule:
During the implementation stage, the group gathers information, identifies possible solutions, and evaluates them. (TF)
FALSE (This is the discussion stage.)
Common decision rules include unanimity rule, majority-wins rule, and plurality-wins rule. (TF)
TRUE
Groups that use the plurality-wins rule are not only more thorough in discussing the issues but are also more likely to use compromise in reaching a decision; not surprisingly, this results in greater satisfaction with the final decision. (TF)
False (This is true of groups using the unanimity rule.)
Group-produced enhancement or exaggeration of members’ initial attitudes through discussion
group polarization
According to the social comparison perspective, group discussion is driven by the desire to arrive at the correct or true solution. Here, the sheer strength of the arguments offered for certain decision choices is relevant (informational influence). (TF)
False (This is the persuasive arguments position.)
The group-produced enhancement or exaggeration of members’ initial attitudes through discussion is called group _____.
a. polarization
b. enhancement
c. majority
d. attraction
a. polarization
A deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment in a group that results from an excessive desire to reach consensus
groupthink
Groups with more diversity are less likely to fall prey to groupthink.(TF)
TRUE
_____ is a deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment in a group that results from an excessive desire to reach consensus.
a. Groupthink
b. Social loafing
c. Unanimity rule
d. Diffusion of responsibility
a. Groupthink
What are the three symptoms indicating that a group is suffering from groupthink?
a. An underestimation of one’s group, close-mindedness, and increased conformity pressure
b. An overestimation of one’s group, close-mindedness, and increased conformity pressure
c. An underestimation of one’s group, open-mindedness, and increased conformity pressure
d. An underestimation of one’s group, open-mindedness, and decreased conformity pressure
b. An overestimation of one’s group, close-mindedness, and increased conformity pressure
The person who exerts the most influence and provides direction and energy to the group
leader
The theory that leadership effectiveness depends both on whether leaders are task-oriented or relationship-oriented and on the degree to which they have situational control
contingency model of leadership
A _____ leader gives the highest priority to group relationships, with task accomplishment being secondary.
a. task-oriented
b. social-oriented
c. relationship-oriented
d. communication-oriented
c. relationship-oriented
A leader who changes (transforms) the outlook and behavior of followers so that they move beyond their self-interests for the good of the group or society
transformational leader
A leader who dictates group policies, procedures, and goals and controls all activities without any meaningful participation by others
authoritarian leader
Studies suggest that there are three core components to transformational leadership: demonstrating a charismatic communication style, communicating a vision, and implementing a vision. (TF)
true
Transformational leaders are only committed to helping the group achieve its goals. (TF)
False (Transformational leaders are not only committed to helping the group achieve its goals, but also to helping group members fulfill their potential.)
Men are more likely to invite subordinates to participate in the decision-making process. (TF)
False (Women are more likely.)
Collectivists have been shown to be more responsive to task-oriented leaders. (TF)
False ( Individualists are more responsive to task-oriented leaders)
Any situation in which the most rewarding short-term choice for an individual will ultimately cause negative consequences for the group as a whole
social dilemma
Any situation in which the most rewarding short-term choice for an individual will ultimately cause negative consequences for the group as a whole is a social _____.
a. dilemma
b. loafing
c. condition
d. situation
a. dilemma
One way to solve a social dilemma is to educate group members. (TF)
TRUE
Teaching people about the consequences of their actions can lead to behaving in more socially responsible ways. This is an example of _____.
a. sanctioning cooperative behavior
b. group identification
c. education
d. reducing groupthink
c. education
