Ch3 Flashcards
People who conceive of themselves as having unique personal attributes have developed _____.
an independent self
What would be an example of an effect of private self-consciousness?
You follow your own personal standards in daily decisions.
A person from an individualist culture would agree that _____.
self-concept is defined by internal attributes
Which levels of explicit and implicit self-esteem would be expected of a person who often persists in the face of failure?
High explicit/high implicit
The first stage in ethnic identity formation is _____.
unexamined ethnic identity
A self-presentation strategy that is frequently used during work-related interactions because people want to be respected for their intelligence and competence is _____.
self-promotion
When greeting a shopper in a clothing store, the salesperson comments that the color of the dress the shopper is wearing suits her very well. The salesperson’s comment is an example of _____.
ingratiation
The area of the brain that is most active when people are thinking about their self-concepts is the _____.
medial prefrontal cortex
The process by which people who possess dual cultural identities move between two different cultural belief systems in response to situational cues and demands is _____.
cultural frame switching
People control and direct their personal actions using the process of _____.
self-regulation
A person who manufactures obstacles to enhance their successes or provide excuses for their failures is using the self-presentation strategy of _____.
self-handicapping
Studies show that the ability to delay gratification in children has been known to result in _____ for teenagers and adults.
academic and career success
Compared to people with stable high self-esteem, people with unstable high self-esteem are more likely to respond to criticism with _____.
aggression
A person’s evaluation of his or her self-concept is _____.
self-esteem
Individuals who view themselves through both individualist and collectivist lenses are said to be _____.
bicultural
An example of self-consciousness is _____.
awareness of your appearance
The ability of “friends” to post comments about a person’s social media profile influences most online self-presenters to _____ and _____ the construction of unrealistically idealized public selves.
monitor; control
A human becomes self-aware around _____ months of age.
18
People who have high levels of explicit self-esteem, but low levels of implicit self-esteem, show the highest levels of _____.
narcissism
What is one way the self is construed in a collectivist culture?
People are socialized to belong, occupy their proper place, and engage in appropriate behavior.
A person’s conscious and **deliberate evaluation **of his or her self-concept
explicit self-esteem
A person’s** unintentional**, and perhaps unconscious, evaluation of his or her self-concept
implicit self-esteem
A symbol-using social being who can reflect on his or her own behavior
self
The sum total of a person’s thoughts and feelings that define the self as an object
self-concept
A person’s evaluation of his or her self-concept
self-esteem
The evaluative aspect of self-concept is called self-evaluation (T/F)
False. that is self-esteem
The “me” is the self as object of awareness.(T/F)
True
James said that our self-esteem is a measure of our successes in the areas of our lives with which we emotionally identify relative to our aspirations in those areas.(T/F)
True
A psychological state in which one takes oneself as an object of attention
self-awareness
The habitual tendency to engage in self-awareness
self-consciousness
To reduce depression, it is a good idea to limit the individual’s television watching.(T/F)
False. Watching TV can actually shift attention away from the self and lead to greater well-being.
Being aware of your physical appearance and the way you talk are examples of private self-awareness(T/F)
False. this is public self-awareness
Persons who are low in public self-consciousness are more concerned about how people judge them, so they conform to group norms.(T/F)
False. This is true of people high in public self-consciousness.
Children show self-recognition, and thus self-awareness, around 18 months of age.(T/F)
True
The ways in which people control and direct their own actions
self-regulation
Self-regulating on one task makes it much easier to then self-regulate on unrelated tasks.(T/F)
False. It becomes much harder in a demonstration of the resource depletion effect.
Witnessing another person in our social group delay gratification has no effect on our ability to self-regulate. (T/F)
False. Such modeling can definitely lead to people delaying gratification and valuing it.
A way of conceiving of the self in terms of unique, personal attributes, as a being that is separate and autonomous from the group
independent self
A way of conceiving of the self in terms of social roles, as a being that is embedded in and dependent on the group
interdependent self
The process by which biculturalists switch between different culturally appropriate behaviors depending on the context
cultural frame switching
The individualist culture fosters the independent self. (T/F)
TRUE
People who have dual cultural identities engage in cultural frame switching, in which they move between two different cultural belief systems in response to situational cues and demands. (T/F)
TRUE
The identification of oneself as a male or a female
gender identity
North American girls are more likely than North American boys to be raised to define themselves, act, and think in ways that emphasize their emotional connectedness to other people. (t/f)
true
Aspects of a person’s self-concept based on his or her group memberships
social identities
An individual’s sense of personal identification with a particular ethnic group
ethnic identity
What are the Stages in Ethnic Identity Formation in order?
1) Unexamined ethnic identity
2)Ethnic identity search
3)Achieved ethnic identity
What is Stage 3 of Ethnic Identity Formation? And Define
Achieved ethnic identity—Clear and confident sense of one’s own ethnicity; ability to identify and internalize those aspects of the dominant culture that are acceptable and stand against those that are oppressive
Stage 2 of Ethnic Identity Formation? And Define
Ethnic identity search—Involvement in exploring and seeking to understand the meaning of ethnicity for oneself, often sparked by some incident that focused attention on one’s minority status in the dominant culture
Stage 1 of of Ethnic Identity Formation? And Define
Unexamined ethnic identity—Lack of exploration of ethnicity, due to lack of interest or due to having merely adopted other people’s opinions of ethnicity
The correct order of the stages in ethnic identity formation, according to Phinney, are unexamined ethnic identity, achieved ethnic identity, and ethnic identity search. (T/F)
False. unexamined ethnic identity, ethnic identity search, and achieved ethnic identity.
Conscious and deliberate efforts to shape other people’s impressions in order to gain power, influence, sympathy, or approval
strategic self-presentation
People have greater control in consciously constructing and presenting themselves in normal everyday self-presentations compared to online. (T/F)
False. Online gives you more control
Undertaking actions that sabotage one’s performance and enhance the opportunity to excuse the anticipated failure
self-handicapping
Low self-monitors are relatively inattentive to social cues, and their behavior is guided more by their inner attitudes and beliefs. (T/F)
True
Exemplification occurs when people engage in self-promotion but mask their bragging by complaining and/or displaying humility about their accomplishments. (T/F)
False. Exemplification is designed to elicit perceptions of integrity and moral worthiness while at the same time arousing guilt and emulation in others. The description in the question is of humblebragging.
When we experience a positive emotion after some desirable outcome, those with high self-esteem savor the feeling.(T/F)
True
The self-enhancement motive is defined as the desire to interpret situations so as to attain positive self-esteem. (T/F)
True
A person’s conscious and deliberate evaluation of his or her self-concept
explicit self-esteem
A person’s unintentional, and perhaps unconscious, evaluation of his or her self-concep
implicit self-esteem
Some people in collectivist cultures struggle with two conflicting types of self-esteem, a consciously positive one and an unconsciously negative one. (T/F)
False. this is in individualist cultures!
Some people in individualist cultures struggle with two conflicting types of self-esteem, a consciously positive one and an unconsciously negative one.
The “I”
Self-Awareness AND Self-Regulation
This is awareness directed toward oneself, and it can be focused on private self-aspects (e.g., emotions, motives, personal standards) or public self-aspects (e.g., physical appearance, self-presentations). The tendency to engage in this self-aware state is known as self-consciousness, and it too is described in private and public terms.
Self-Awareness
These are the ways in which we control and direct our own actions. You must be self-aware to engage in self-regulation.
Self-Regulation
The “Me”
Self-Concept AND Self-Esteem
Due to self-awareness, we develop a theory about ourselves.
* Gender identity: the knowledge that one is a male or a female
* Social identities: aspects of the self-concept that are based on group membership
Self-Concept
We not only develop a theory of ourselves, we also develop an evaluation of this theory, with a bias toward self-enhancement. High self-esteem people are generally happier and healthier than those with low self-esteem.
Self-Esteem
designed to elicit perceptions of integrity and moral worthiness while at the same time arousing guilt and emulation in others.
Exemplification
