Ch5 Flashcards
Greater amygdala activity occurs for initial positive assessments than for those that are negative, with much of this evaluative processing being unconscious.(T/F)
False (This greater activity is about negative assessments, not positive ones.)
The immediate “good-bad” emotional assessments people make occur in the _____.
a. amygdala
b. medulla
c. cerebral cortex
d. hippocampus
a. amygdala
A positive or negative evaluation of an object is _____.
a. an evaluation hypothesis
b. attraction-repulsion
c. an object belief
d. an attitude
d. an attitude
attitude
A positive or negative evaluation of an object
implicit attitude
An attitude that is activated automatically from memory, often without the person’s awareness that she or he possesses it
explicit attitude
A consciously held attitude
dual attitudes
The simultaneous possession of contradictory implicit and explicit attitudes toward the same object
When are dual attitudes most commonly held?
people often hold dual attitudes toward issues that are socially sensitive, such as people’s attitudes toward pornography, racial and ethnic groups, or their friends’ romantic partners
Determining a person’s explicit attitudes requires less direct methods, with one of the most popular techniques employed by researchers being the Implicit Association Test (IAT).
False (The IAT is used to determine implicit attitudes.)
Consciously held attitudes are _____.
explicit attitudes
An attitude that is activated from memory automatically is called _____ attitude.
d. an implicit
Socially sensitive issues, such as racial and ethnic beliefs, elicit what type of attitudes?
d. Dual
Having two contradictory attitudes at the same time, one implicit and one explicit, is having _____.
dual attitudes
reference group
A group to which people orient themselves, using its standards to judge themselves and the world
Important defining characteristic of a reference group is___
that people have an emotional attachment to it and refer to it for guidance—even if they are not actual members.
An important defining characteristic of a reference group is that people have an emotional attachment to it and refer to it for guidance. (TF)
TRUE
The groups we use to judge ourselves and which we use to orient ourselves in the world are _____.
a. reference groups
What factors determine attitudes?
a number of factors, including past behavior, emotions, and cognitions.
mere exposure effect
The tendency to develop more positive feelings toward objects and individuals the more we are exposed to them
In regard to the mere exposure effect, the strongest increase in liking occurs later in the repeated exposures. (TF)
False (It occurs early in the repeated exposures.)
While walking around his neighborhood, a man noticed his mood brightened as he passed a young boy on a skateboard. He later realized that this child was enrolled at the same school as his daughter and he had seen him many times before when dropping his child off at school. Which social psychology theory explains this positive reaction?
a.Repeated exposure affect
b. Positive reaction effect
c. Mere exposure effect
d. Positive exposure hypothesis
c. Mere exposure effect
classical conditioning
Learning through association, when a neutral stimulus (conditioned stimulus) is paired with a stimulus (unconditioned stimulus) that naturally produces an emotional response
subliminal conditioning
Classical conditioning that occurs in the absence of conscious awareness of the stimuli involved
Attitudes can only be formed through overt conditioning. (TF)
FALSE (Classical conditioning of attitudes can also occur below the level of conscious awareness, a process known as subliminal conditioning.)
If a person is exposed to negative attitudes toward a particular group and develops negative feelings from this exposure, they have undergone _____.
a. cognitive conditioning
b. classical conditioning
c. operant conditioning
d. automatic socialization
b. classical conditioning
operant conditioning
A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement and weakened if followed by punishment
role models
people who we observe and imitate because they teach us how to play social roles
If you develop a dislike for rock climbing after a friend is injured during her first attempt to learn this sport, this is an example of operant conditioning.(TF)
False (This is an example of observational learning)
A student who studied hard for a test earned a good grade. If the student studied more for the next test, and his grade was even higher, the student’s behavior was influenced by _____.
a. operant conditioning
b. classical conditioning
c. subliminal conditioning
d. dual conditioning
a. operant conditioning
While on spring break, a student witnesses his roommate suffer a serious head injury while surfing. When offered surfing lessons that summer, the student declines. The student’s behavior is an example of _____.
a. role modeling
b. positive reinforcement
c. cognitive positivity
d. observational learning
d. observational learning
facial feedback effect
The tendency of facial expressions to trigger corresponding emotions
Performing actions associated with happiness causes us not only to feel happier but also to perceive other objects in our environment more favorably. (TF)
TRUE
The theory that people’s emotions will be affected by their facial expressions is the _____.
a. nonverbal facial effect
b. emotional face hypothesis
c. facial feedback effect
d. inferred attitude hypothesis
c. facial feedback effect
cognitive consistency
The tendency to seek consistency in one’s cognitions
There are a number of ways to reduce dissonance.(6)
1)Changing attitudes
2)Changing behavior:
3)Adding cognitions:
4)Reducing perceived choice:
5)Making self-affirmations:
6)Altering the importance of the discrepancy:
When one must decide between two appealing alternatives, the final choice will be somewhat inconsistent with some of that person’s beliefs. (TF)
TRUE
To experience dissonance, people must feel that they freely chose to behave in a counterattitudinal manner.(TF)
TRUE
The tendency to seek uniformity in one’s cognitions is called cognitive _____.
a. consistency
b. dissonance
c. harmony
d. discord
a. consistency
The concept of cognitive dissonance was first proposed by _____.
a. Gestalt
b. Mead
c. Wells
d. Festinger
d. Festinger
Convincing yourself that a bad relationship is “good for you” or worthwhile simply because you have invested a good deal of time and effort in it is a way to reduce cognitive _____.
a. discourse
b. consistency
c. dissonance
d. discord
c. dissonance
In traditional Japanese culture, there are two important aspects to the self:
omote (“front”) is presented to the public as a socially acceptable aspect of the self, whereas ura (“back”) is that aspect of the self that is hidden from the public
Greater flexibility about contradiction and inconsistencies in behaviors and attitudes is characteristic of _____ cultures.
a. collectivist
b. individualist
c. communist
d. democratic
a. collectivist
self-perception theory
The theory that we often infer our internal states, such as our attitudes, by observing our own behavior
When we behave in ways that are significantly at odds with well-defined attitudes, we are likely to experience cognitive dissonance and change our attitudes to rationalize our behavior. (TF)
TRUE
Which theory states that we often infer our internal states, such as our attitudes, by observing our own behavior?
a. Theory of planned behavior
b. Cognitive consistency theory
c. Cognitive dissonance theory
d. Self-perception theory
d. Self-perception theory
theory of planned behavior
The theory that people’s conscious decisions to engage in specific actions are determined by their attitudes toward the behavior in question, the relevant subjective norms, and their perceived behavioral control
three factors jointly determine whether we form a behavioral intention, which is a conscious decision to carry out a specific action
1)our attitudes toward performing the behavior,
2)our perceptions about whether other people will approve of the behavior (subjective norms),
3)our beliefs about how easy or difficult it is to perform the behavior (perceived behavioral control).
According to the theory of planned behavior hypothesizes the most immediate cause of behavior
is not attitudes but behavioral intentions.
Our behavioral intentions are influenced more by general attitudes and less by attitudes toward performing the specific behavior in question. (TF)
FALSE (Our behavioral intentions are influenced less by general attitudes than by attitudes toward performing the specific behavior in question.)
Which theory proposes that the most immediate cause of behavior is intention, not attitudes?
a. The theory of planned behavior
b. Cognitive consistency theory
c. Cognitive dissonance theory
d. Self-perception theory
a. The theory of planned behavior
persuasion
The process of consciously attempting to change attitudes through the transmission of some message
elaboration likelihood model(I dont understand)
A theory that persuasive messages can cause attitude change in two ways, each differing in the amount of cognitive effort or elaboration it requires
central route to persuasion
Persuasion that occurs when people think carefully about a communication and are influenced by the strength of its arguments
peripheral route to persuasion
we pay attention to cues that are irrelevant to the content or quality of the communication (low elaboration), such as the attractiveness of the communicator or the sheer amount of information presented
need for cognition
An individual preference for and tendency to engage in effortful cognitive activities
In central-route processing, we pay attention to cues that are irrelevant to the content or quality of the communication (low elaboration), such as the attractiveness of the communicator or the sheer amount of information presented. (TF)
False (This describes peripheral-route processing.)
In contrast to critically thinking about a message, when we pay attention to irrelevant cues and are unable to analyze the message content adequately, we are taking the _____.
a. peripheral route to persuasion
b. off-track route to persuasion
c. persuader credibility route to persuasion
d. central route to persuasion
a. peripheral route to persuasion
Thinking carefully about a communication and being influenced by the strength of its arguments are characteristics of the _____.
a. peripheral route to persuasion
b. off-track route to persuasion
c. elaboration likelihood model
d. central route to persuasion
d. central route to persuasion
sleeper effect
The delayed effectiveness of a persuasive message from a low-credibility source
Two factors that affect persuader effectiveness are credibility and attractiveness. (TF)
TRUE
Messages from low-credibility sources can become more credible as time passes due to the _____.
a. credibility gap
b. weakened message
c. time-lag message gap
d. sleeper effect
d. sleeper effect
Individual preferences for and tendencies to engage in cognitive activities that require effort is the _____.
a. need for perception
b. need for consistency
c. need for elaboration
d. need for cognition
d. need for cognition
Rapid speech always promotes persuasion through its impact on message elaboration.(TF)
b. False (Rapid speech may either promote or inhibit persuasion through its impact on message elaboration)
Fear appeals that are combined with information that one can do something about the danger are especially effective at promoting behavioral changes. (TF)
TRUE
Two-sided messages are most effective at persuading people because the objectiveness of the speaker increases their trustworthiness. (TF)
TRUE
Attitudes tend to be strong, resistant to counterarguments, and predictive of behavior in the central route to persuasion. (TF)
TRUE
peripheral-route processing
low elaboration of message content by focusing on information not central to message
central-route processing:
high elaboration of message content by focusing on information central to message
