Ch 12 Flashcards
Voluntary behavior that is carried out to benefit another person
Prosocial behavior
A form of helping in which the ultimate goal of the helper is to increase his or her own welfare
egoistic helping
A form of helping in which the ultimate goal of the helper is to increase another’s welfare without expecting anything in return
altruistic helping
A theory that people will exhibit preferences for helping blood relatives because this will increase the odds that their genes will be transmitted to subsequent generations
kin selection
An evolutionary principle stating that people expect that anyone helping another will have that favor returned at some future time; also known as reciprocal altruism
reciprocal helping
Because your blood relatives share many of your same genes, by promoting their survival you can also preserve your genes even if you don’t survive the helpful act. This is called reciprocal helping. (T/F)
False (This is called kin selection.)
The idea that you will help a blood relative in the hopes that you are transmitting your genes to the next generation is known as ______________.
a. egoistic helping
b. genetic helping
c. kin selection
d. evolutionary helping
c. kin selection
The idea that you will help someone now in the hopes that they will return the favor sometime in the future is known as _____.
a. egoistic helping
b. genetic helping
c. kin selection
d. reciprocal helping
d. reciprocal helping
A social norm stating that we should help when others are in need and are dependent on us
norm of social responsibility
A social norm stating that we should help only when we believe that others deserve our assistance
norm of social justice
The norm of social justice appears to be stronger in collectivist cultures. (T/F)
False (It is stronger in individualist cultures.)
The norm of _____ states that we should help when others are in need and dependent upon us.
a. reciprocity
b. helping
c. social responsibility
d. social justice
c. social responsibility
Conservatives are more willing to help victims of natural disasters than liberals. (T/F)
False (They are less willing to help.)
Giving to charity is more likely from which social class?
a. Upper class
b. Lower class
c. Wealthy
d. Middle class
b. Lower class
When faced with those needing help in situations that are not immediately life-threatening, liberals tend to adhere to the norm of _____.
a. reciprocity
b. helping
c. social responsibility
d. social justice
c. social responsibility
When ingroup members need help, people from collectivist cultures and collectivist-oriented Americans perceive help giving as both more obligatory (“I must help”) and more personally desirable (“I want to help”). (T/F)
TRUE
Cultures that are _____ will be more likely to favor helping than cultures that are _____.
a. collectivist; individualist
b. republican; democratic
c. individualist; collectivist
d. conservative; liberal
a. collectivist; individualist
In cross-cultural studies, which group is most likely to help others?
a. Republicans
b. Collectivist cultures
c. Wealthy people
d. Individualist cultures
b. Collectivist cultures
A feeling of compassion and tenderness upon viewing a victim’s plight
Empathy
An unpleasant state of arousal in which people are preoccupied with their own emotions of anxiety, fear, or helplessness upon viewing a victim’s plight
personal distress
The strong emotional reaction to the suffering of others is associated with parasympathetic activity, such as increased heart rate and respiration. (T/F)
True
Helping strangers is more often done by _____.
a. the elderly
b. children
c. women
d. men
d. men
Which gender is more likely to provide social and emotional support to others?
a. Men
b. Women
c. Both genders
d. Neither gender
b. Women
Unlike violent video games that have been shown to prime aggressive behavior, prosocial video games have not been found to have any effect on prosocial behavior. (T/F)
False (Prosocial video games activate attitudes and memories that increase people’s willingness to help.)
Playing prosocial video games has what effect on those who play them?
a. They decrease the willingness to help.
b. They have no effect on helping behavior.
c. They isolate game players from the real world.
d. They increase the willingness to help.
d. They increase the willingness to help.
Social learning theory suggests that the best way to teach helping behavior to children is by doing which of the following?
a. Permissive parenting
b. Modeling helping behaviors
c. Sending children to church
d. Strict parenting
b. Modeling helping behaviors
What happens, from a health standpoint, to people who help?
a. Burnout from doing too much
b. Resentment and lowered life expectancy
c. Feeling good, but no physical benefits
d. A heightened sense of psychological and physical resilience
d. A heightened sense of psychological and physical resilience
A theory that whether bystanders intervene in an emergency is a function of a five-step decision-making process
bystander intervention model
In order to help someone else, you have to first decide if help is needed (T/F)
False (you have to first notice that something unusual is happening.)
People are inhibited from helping for fear that other bystanders will evaluate them negatively if they intervene and the situation is not an emergency
audience inhibition effect
If we become agitated and excitable during a crisis, we run the risk of being negatively evaluated by others and so will act calm even if we are not. This represents information dependence.(T/F)
False (This is due to outcome dependence.)
In the Darley and Latane (1968) study, helping was less likely as the number of bystanders increased, though the speed of rendering assistance was generally unaffected. (T/F)
False (The speed of rendering assistance was significantly slower as well.)
What term describes the belief that the presence of other people in a situation makes one less personally responsible for events that occur in that situation?
a. Diffusion of responsibility
b. Apathy
c. Audience inhibition effect
d. Bystander effect
a. Diffusion of responsibility
A theory that helping or not helping is a function of emotional arousal and analysis of the costs and rewards of helping
arousal:cost-reward model
According to the arousal:cost-reward model, if the costs for both direct help and no help are high, the bystander is most likely to intervene. (T/F)
False (A bystander is most likely to intervene when costs of helping the victim are low and costs of not helping the victim are high.)
What theory comes into play when you witness a situation where you have to figure out the costs and rewards of whether or not to help?
a. Empathy-altruism hypothesis
b. Negative state relief model
c. Arousal:cost-reward model
d. Social exchange of costs and rewards model
c. Arousal:cost-reward model
A theory suggesting that, for those in a bad mood, helping others may be a way to lift their own spirits if the perceived benefits for helping are high and the costs are low
negative state relief model
Feeling guilty can increase helping. (T/F)
True
When we are in a bad mood, we may be more likely to help so we can lift our own spirits, especially if the cost of helping is low and the reward is high. This describes the _____.
a. empathy-altruism hypothesis
b. negative state relief model
c. arousal:cost-reward model
d. social exchange of costs and rewards model
b. negative state relief model
A theory proposing that experiencing empathy for someone in need produces an altruistic motive for helping
empathy-altruism hypothesis
Research suggests that an important factor in actually triggering empathic feelings toward those in need is whether we highly value their welfare in the first place. (T/F)
True
_____ proposes that experiencing empathy for someone in need produces an altruistic motive for helping.
a. Empathy-altruism hypothesis
b. Negative state relief model
c. Arousal:cost-reward model
d. Social exchange of costs and rewards model
a. Empathy-altruism hypothesis
Heterosexual men display discrimination equally against gay men and lesbians. (T/F)
False ( Heterosexual men feel more negatively toward gay men than toward lesbians.)
To distinguish between ingroups and outgroups, we often look at _____ as a main physical clue.
a. clothes
b. gender
c. age
d. race
a. clothes
A belief that the world is a fair and equitable place, where people get what they deserve in life
just-world belief
By believing in a just world, we have the illusion that we have more control over our lives than we actually do. (T/F)
True
_____ explains that social relationships maintain their equilibrium by keeping the exchange ratio balanced
a. Equity theory
b. Attribution theory
c. The norm of reciprocity
d. The norm of justice
a. Equity theory
A theory stating that if receiving help contains negative self-messages, recipients are likely to feel threatened and respond negatively
threat-to-self-esteem model
Self-esteem threat leads many people to shut down and not develop the skills necessary so that they do not have to seek help in the future, further lowering their self-esteem. (T/F)
False (One positive consequence of the self-esteem threat is that people who feel threatened in this manner become motivated to develop the necessary skills so that in the future, they will not have to seek help.)
