Ch11 Flashcards
Any form of behavior that is intended to harm or injure some person, oneself, or an object
aggression
The psychological harm intended in verbal abuse such as calling a child “Stupid,” qualifies as an aggressive action. (T/F)
TRUE
The intentional use of harmful behavior so that one can achieve some other goal
instrumental aggression
The intentional use of harmful behavior in which the goal is simply to cause injury or death to the victim
hostile aggression
Instrumental aggression is also called reactive aggression.(T/F)
False (It is also called proactive aggression.)
People who are angry do not rate hostile humor funnier than those who are not angry. (T/F)
False (People who are angry rate hostile humor as funnier than do those who are not angry.)
Susan became mad at her brother and threw away all his toys. What kind of aggression is this?
a. Accidental
b. Hostile
c. Instrumental
d. Intentional
b. Hostile
John cut off another driver in traffic in an attempt to reach his destination sooner. What kind of aggression is this?
a. Hostile
b. Instrumental
c. Accidental
d. Intentional
b. Instrumental
A form of aggressive manipulation involving attempts to harm another person without a face-to-face encounter (also known as relational aggression)
indirect aggression
Adolescents who score low on the personality trait of agreeableness tend to have low levels of both direct and indirect aggression. (T/F)
False (These adolescents have high levels of both forms of aggression.)
The process of cognitively placing an outgroup into an extremely negative social category that excludes them from acceptable norms and values, thereby eliminating inhibitions against harming them
dehumanization
Collective aggression only has negative consequences for those who are dehumanized. (T/F)
False (Collective aggression not only has negative consequences for those who are dehumanized; it also hurts the aggressor group.)
The ______, which is important for higher-order cognitive processing and decision-making, is not as active when people are focused on dehumanized targets.
a. hypothalamus
b. medial prefrontal cortex
c. thalamus
d. amygdala
b. medial prefrontal cortex
**_____ is when an outgroup is removed from the perceived world of humanity.
a. Dehumanization
b. Stigmatization
c. Ostracism
d. Deconstruction
a. Dehumanization
The 9/11 terrorist attacks sparked what social psychological reaction among the American people?
a. Less hostility toward others
b. More security
c. Less travel
d. More patriotism
d. More patriotism
_____ involves any form of behavior that is intended to harm or injure some person, oneself, or an object.
AGRESSION
____ are more physically aggressive, but ___ engage in more indirect aggression.
MEN, WOMEN
Personality traits found in aggressive-prone persons include the following:
irritability
rumination
emotional susceptibility
unstable high self-esteem
____ is more extreme than ______ because it often leads to dehumanization, which eliminates inhibitions against aggression toward outgroup members
Intergroup aggression, interpersonal aggression
Evolutionary theory assumes that aggression is not in itself a “bad” or “destructive” behavior; it is a way to secure resources, survive, and successfully reproduce. (T/F)
True
Serotonin has been shown to increase people’s emotional sensitivity to angry faces, resulting in increased neural activity in brain regions critically involved in impulsive aggressive behavior. (T/F)
False (Testosterone has done this.)
The male sex hormone, _____, leads to greater levels of aggression when heightened.
a. Serotonin
b. catecholamine
c. testosterone
d. dopamine
c. testosterone
Evolutionary theorists contend that aggressive tendencies are ____ and based on the principle of ____.
selective, genetic survival
Biological research suggests that individual differences in aggressiveness are partly due to ____ and ____.
inheritance, hormonal changes
The theory that frustration causes aggression
frustration-aggression hypothesis
The reduction of the aggressive drive following an aggressive act
catharsis
The belief that “couples who fight [verbally] together, stay together”—as long as they do not engage in vindictive verbal attacks, has strong research support. (T/F)
False (Research does not support this notion, though many marriage counselors continue to advocate it.)
What is the theory that asserts that aggression is caused by frustration?
a. Passive-aggressive model
b. Frustration-aggression hypothesis
c. Cognitive-neoassociation model
d. Catharsis
b. Frustration-aggression hypothesis
A theory of impulsive aggression that aversive events produce negative affect, which stimulates the inclination to aggress
cognitive-neoassociation model
The presence of weapons or other aggression-associated cues in the environment can act as triggers for hostile outbursts by making aggressive thoughts more accessible. (T/F)
TRUE
_____ is involved in the cognitive-neoassociation model of hostile aggression.
a. The heat hypothesis
b. Fight or flight
c. Unthinking aggressive response
d. Higher-order cognitive intervention
b. Fight or flight
When provoked, people who are drunk are much less attentive than those who are sober to such inhibiting cues as the provocateur’s intent and the possible negative consequences of violence. (T/F)
True
The _______ proposes that blocking a person’s goal-directed behavior produces frustration and frustration increases the aggressive drive.
frustration-aggression hypothesis
The cognitive-neoassociation model asserts that:
- frustration is just one of many factors that can stimulate negative affect,
- negative affect stimulates the inclination to aggress, and
- aggressive tendencies are often modified by higher-level thinking.
Hostile aggression can also be sparked by the following:
1) heat aggression-associated cues
2) alcohol intoxication
A theory that social behavior is primarily learned by observing and imitating the actions of others, and secondarily by being directly rewarded and punished for our own actions
social learning theory
Guides for behavior and problem-solving that are developed and stored in memory and are characterized by aggression
aggressive scripts
Observational learning experiments demonstrate that children are likely to imitate others’ aggressive acts if social models are rewarded for their behavior.(T/F)
True
According to Bandura and colleagues, what accounts for children’s behavior after viewing an adult’s behavior?
a. Catharsis
b. Aggressive scripts
c. Observational learning
d. Respondent conditioning
c. Observational learning
The overall theory that explains that people learn when to aggress, how to aggress, and against whom to aggress is called the ________ theory.
a. Latent learning
b. Respondent conditioning
c. aggressive scripts
d. social learning
d. social learning
_____ are aggressive actions that are stored in memory and used as a guide for future behavior.
a. Aggression schemas
b. Aggressive scripts
c. Modal patterns of behavior
d. Operants
b. Aggressive scripts
Playing violent video games is modestly associated with aggressive cognitions, aggressive affect, and later aggressive behavior in the real world among both young adults and children. (T/F)
TRUE
What do most studies of violence in music videos and lyrics conclude?
a. It provides a harmless opportunity to vent aggression.
b. It decreases aggression immensely.
c. It gives listeners an opportunity to relate.
d. It increases aggression.
d. It increases aggression.
Video and media violence has the effect of _____, in addition to teaching aggressive scripts.
a. dehumanization
b. depression
c. desensitization
d. insecurity
c. desensitization
After viewing violent movies or television, how are children likely to behave?
a. Fearful
b. More aggressively
c. Less aggressively
d. There is no effect on behavior
b. More aggressively
A belief system in which males are socialized to protect their reputations by resorting to violence
culture of honor
“Honor” cultures tend to have very strong norms of politeness and hospitality. (T/F)
True
Cultures of honor are often developed in which of the following societies?
a. Primitive
b. Lawless
c. Industrialized
d. Underdeveloped
b. Lawless
In _____, aggression occurs because it has been rewarded in the past.
social learning theory
________ can foster the development of aggressive scripts.
Observational learning
Exposure to media violence promotes ______.
antisocial conduct.
The _______ is a belief system that prepares men to protect their reputations by resorting to violence.
culture of honor
Forced sexual intercourse that occurs either on a date or between people who are acquainted or romantically involved (also known as date rape)
acquaintance rape
The combination of sexual material with abuse or degradation in a manner that appears to endorse, condone, or encourage such behavior
pornography
Female consumers of mainstream sports media are more likely than others to endorse the rape myth. (T/F)
TRUE
_____ might make men more accepting of false beliefs about rape and increase their tolerance for violence against women.
a. Exposure to sexually violent films
b. Genetics
c. A bad relationship
d. Domestic violence in the home
a. Exposure to sexually violent films
Sexual gratification is the only motive in rape. (T/F)
False (The desire to exercise power and the enjoyment of sexual dominance is a more important motive than sexual gratification in sexual assault.)
Rape myths serve to _____.
justify sexual violence
______ appears to be associated with ______ in men’s endorsement of rape myths and aggression toward women.
Violent pornography, increases
Rape is an act of ________.
dominance and power.
For punishment to be effective and deter aggression, it can occur at any time after the aggressive event. (T/F)
False ( It must be prompt to be effective.)
Punishment must meet the following conditions to be effective. It must be strong, consistently applied, and _________.
a. psychological
b. prompt
c. lawful
d. physical
b. prompt
Men are more willing then women to take responsibility for a perceived social transgression in keeping with the politeness norms of cultures of honor. (T/F)
False (Women are more willing than men to take responsibility for a perceived social transgression.)
Instead of watching TV, Joey began going to guitar lessons. As a result, he got into fewer fights at school and his behavior improved. What aggression reduction strategy does this exemplify?
a. Internalizing anti-aggression
b. Reducing exposure to violence
c. Social skills training
d. Social modeling
b. Reducing exposure to violence
Which gender is more willing to take responsibility for a perceived social transgression?
a. Men
b. Women
c. Both genders
d. Neither gender
b. Women
_______ can both increase and decrease aggression.
Punishment
Nonaggressive responding can occur through the following:
1)social modeling
2)internalizing anti-aggression beliefs
3)offering apologies
4)reducing exposure to violence
