Ch4

Question 1

The tendency for people to attribute their own behavior to external causes, but that of others to internal factors is the _____.

Answer 1

actor-observer effect.

Question 2

What tendency allows teachers to be mistaken for students when they look youthful and wear casual clothes?

Answer 2

Representativeness heuristic

Question 3

A cluster of socially defined expectations that individuals in a given situation are expected to fulfill is known as a _____.

Answer 3

social role

Question 4

The tendency to seek information that supports our beliefs while ignoring contradictory information is _____.

Answer 4

confirmation bias

Question 4

Humans interpret people’s common attributes and create categories using the process of _____.

Answer 4

social categorization

Question 5

People who adopt the behaviors, postures, or mannerisms of interaction partners, and are not aware that they are doing so, are demonstrating _____.

Answer 5

nonconscious mimicry

Question 5

People who attribute negative events in their lives to internal, stable causes that extend to many spheres in their lives are said to have _____ explanatory style.

Answer 5

a pessimistic

Question 6

An organized structure of knowledge about a stimulus that is built from experience and contains causal relations is a _____.

Answer 6

schema

Question 7

The process by which recent exposure to certain stimuli or events increases the accessibility of certain memories, categories, or schemas is called _____.

Answer 7

priming

Question 8

If personal warmth is valued more than competence in a culture, warmth is a _____.

Answer 8

central trait

Question 9

Personality traits and attitudes can be considered _____.

Answer 9

internal attributions

Question 10

Mental shortcuts that reduce complex judgments to simple rules are _____.

Answer 10

heuristics

Question 11

Attributing negative events to an external, unstable, and specific cause is what kind of attribution process?

Answer 11

Optimistic explanatory style

Question 12

The tendency to be biased toward a value one has been given when making a quantitative judgment is the _____ heuristic.

Answer 12

anchoring and adjustment

Question 13

Barbie dolls, romantic comedies, and shopping are viewed as girl-like when viewed through _____.

Answer 13

gender schemas

Question 14

When your favorite athletic team wins the conference championship, and your friend states, “I saw that coming all season long,” your friend is giving an example of _____.

Answer 14

hindsight bias

Question 15

The error that occurs when personal descriptors are used to make judgments, as opposed to judging based on the frequency with which some event or pattern occurs in the general population is the _____.

Answer 15

base-rate fallacy

Question 16

A high school student who got into a fight with his older brother in the morning did not attend a family event in the afternoon. When his family found out about the fight they understood why he had skipped the event. The family’s behavior exemplifies _____.

Answer 16

`external attribution

Question 17

The most representative member of a category is known as a _____.

Answer 17

`prototype

Question 18

Imagining different outcomes after an event is _____.

Answer 18

counterfactual thinking

Question 19

The ways in which we interpret, analyze, remember, and use information about our social world

Answer 19

social cognition

Question 20

The process of forming categories of people based on their common attributes

Answer 20

social categorization

Question 21

The most representative member of a category

Answer 21

prototype

Question 22

The most representative member of a category is called a prototype. (t/f)

Answer 22

true

Question 23

An organized structure of knowledge about a stimulus that is built up from experience and that contains causal relations; a theory about how the social world operates

Answer 23

schema

Question 24

A cognitive structure for processing information based on perceived female or male qualities

Answer 24

gender schema

Question 25

A schema that describes how a series of events is likely to occur in a well-known situation and which is used as a guide for behavior and problem-solving

Answer 25

script

Question 26

Once a schema is created, it is set in stone and does not change. (T/F)

Answer 26

FALSE. When new information is sharply inconsistent with an existing schema a new, separate schema can be created. But existing schemas can also be updated.

Question 27

The process by which recent exposure to certain stimuli or events increases the accessibility of certain memories, categories, or schemas

Answer 27

priming

Question 28

Schemas are both situationally activated and chronically accessible. (T/F)

Answer 28

TRUE

Question 29

Time-saving mental shortcuts that reduce complex judgments to simple rules

Answer 29

heuristics

Question 30

The tendency to judge the category membership of things based on how closely they match the “typical” or “average” member of that category

Answer 30

representativeness heuristic

Question 31

The tendency to judge the frequency or probability of an event in terms of how easy it is to think of examples of that event

Answer 31

availability heuristic

Question 32

A tendency to be biased toward the starting value or anchor in making quantitative judgments

Answer 32

anchoring and adjustment heuristic

Question 33

Heuristics require reasonable accuracy. (T/F)

Answer 33

TRUE

Question 34

We are more likely to use heuristics if we are overloaded with information. (t/f)

Answer 34

true

Question 35

The tendency, once an event has occurred, to overestimate our ability to have foreseen the outcome

Answer 35

hindsight bias

Question 36

Through the hindsight bias we can reduce disappointment and protect our self-esteem. (T/F)

Answer 36

TRUE

Question 37

The tendency to evaluate events by imagining alternative versions or outcomes to what actually happened

Answer 37

counterfactual thinking

Question 38

Counterfactual thinking can help us feel better after a negative outcome. (T/F)

Answer 38

true

Question 39

The process by which we try to detect other people’s temporary states and enduring dispositions (also called social perception)

Answer 39

person perception

Question 40

Communicating feelings and intentions without words

Answer 40

nonverbal communication

Question 41

The tendency to adopt the behaviors, postures, or mannerisms of interaction partners without conscious awareness or intention

Answer 41

nonconscious mimicry

Question 42

A cluster of socially defined expectations that individuals in a given situation are expected to fulfill

Answer 42

social role

Question 43

People who are high in narcissism engage in nonconscious behavioral mimicry with people regardless of social status. (T/F)

Answer 43

FALSE. People who are high in narcissism engage in nonconscious behavioral mimicry when interacting with a higher social status person, but not when interacting with someone of lower social status

Question 44

The theory that virtually all of the documented behavioral differences between males and females can be accounted for in terms of cultural stereotypes about gender and the resulting social roles that are taught to the young

Answer 44

social role theory

Question 45

For women, the most acceptable emotional style to publicly display is extravagant expressiveness. (T/F)

Answer 45

TRUE

Question 46

When someone lies, they do not look us in the eyes. (T/F)

Answer 46

FALSE. Experienced deceivers engage in deliberate eye contact to convince us they are being truthful.

Question 47

Traits that exert a disproportionate influence on people’s overall impressions, causing them to assume the presence of other traits

Answer 47

central traits

Question 48

A type of schema people use to organize and make sense of which personality traits and behaviors go together

Answer 48

implicit personality theories

Question 49

Both high school students and first-year college students who initially held a fixed mindset showed improved academic performance after they participated in brief interventions informing them that intelligence is not fixed, but rather, is malleable. (T/F)

Answer 49

TRUE

Question 50

The tendency to seek information that supports our beliefs while ignoring disconfirming information

Answer 50

confirmation bias

Question 51

Confirmation bias is the tendency to seek all information available in order to reach a valid conclusion. (T/F)

Answer 51

FALSE. Confirmation bias is the tendency to seek information that supports our beliefs while ignoring disconfirming information.

Question 52

The process by which people use information to make inferences about the causes of behavior or events

Answer 52

attribution

Question 53

An attribution that locates the cause of an event in factors internal to the person, such as personality traits, moods, attitudes, abilities, or effort

Answer 53

internal attribution

Question 54

An attribution that locates the cause of an event in factors external to the person, such as luck, other people, or the situation

Answer 54

external attribution

Question 55

She insulted me because she is rude- WHAT IS THE CAUSALITY?

Answer 55

both internal and stable-- dispositional

Question 56

She insulted me because she has a cold

Answer 56

internal but unstable

Question 57

She insulted me because I, the external factor, rub people the wrong way

Answer 57

external and stable

Question 58

She insulted me because the weather conditions that day made her job very difficult

Answer 58

external and unstable

Question 59

My roommate insulting me because she has a headache is an example of an internal and stable cause. (t/f)

Answer 59

false. This is an internal and UNSTABLE cause. don't always have a headache

Question 60

An attribution theory that describes how we make judgments about people’s actions by observing them over time (consistency information), across situations (distinctiveness information), and in comparison to others’ actions (consensus information)

Answer 60

covariation model

Question 61

internal attribution

Answer 61

low consensus and distinctiveness and high consistency ie STUDENT IS LAZY this is to address the question why is this student sleeping in my class?

Question 62

entity attribution

Answer 62

high consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency i.e. I’m a boring professor this is to address the question why is this student sleeping in my class?

Question 63

circumstance attribution

Answer 63

consensus and consistency are low but distinctiveness is high i.e. student didn’t get enough sleep last night this is to address the question why is this student sleeping in my class?

Question 64

When all three kinds of information are high, people are likely to make entity attributions. (T/F)

Answer 64

True. I the professor am the problem

Question 65

When I talk on shabbat Orlee get snappy and will tell me what I am saying is wrong? What is happening? use the 3 different attributions to explain. SECOND ONE ONLY

Answer 65

2) entity attribution- this means that I am the problem.. I (the entity) am annoying and that is why she is acting the way she is - high consensus: everyone in the group is acting this way towards me -high distinctiveness: she doesn't do this to other people (distinct to me) -high consistency: she does this to me often ALL ARE HIGH

Question 66

When I talk on shabbat Orlee get snappy and will tell me what I am saying is wrong? What is happening? use the 3 different attributions to explain. FIRST ONE ONLY

Answer 66

1) internal attribution- this means that she is MEAN (to me? ). -low consensus: no one else in the group is acting like this -low distinctiveness: she does this when anyone talks -high consistency: she has done this other days to me (not the only time)

Question 67

When I talk on shabbat Orlee get snappy and will tell me what I am saying is wrong? What is happening? use the 3 different attributions to explain. THIRD ONE ONLY

Answer 67

3) circumstance attribution- This means that there was a specific incident that happened to her that is causing this behavior (outside from me) -low consensus :no one else is acting like this -high distinctiveness: she doesn't do this to other people -low consistency: she DOES NOT ALWAYS DO THIS TO ME

Question 68

When all three kinds of information are high, people are likely to make entity attributions. (t/f)

Answer 68

TRUE

Question 69

The tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional causes and underestimate the impact of situational causes on other people’s behavior

Answer 69

fundamental attribution error -our desire for predictability may make us more susceptible to the fundamental attribution error

Question 70

The tendency for people to attribute their own behavior to external causes but that of others to internal factors

Answer 70

actor-observer effect

Question 71

Attributing the behavior of others to internal factors allows social perceivers to block actors’ attempts to deny responsibility for negative events with which they are associated. (t/f)

Answer 71

true

Question 72

Theories of attribution that propose that people initially engage in a relatively automatic and simple attributional assessment but then later consciously correct this attribution with more deliberate and effortful thinking

Answer 72

dual-process models of attribution

Question 73

In collectivist cultures, when we don’t engage in deliberate attributional inference, our explanations of other people’s actions are likely to fall prey to the fundamental attribution error. (T/F)

Answer 73

false. This describes individualist cultures.

Question 74

A habitual tendency to attribute negative events to internal, stable, and global causes, and positive events to external, unstable, and specific causes

Answer 74

pessimistic explanatory style

Question 75

A habitual tendency to attribute negative events to external, unstable, and ­specific causes, and positive events to internal, stable, and global causes

Answer 75

optimistic explanatory style