Ch4 Flashcards
The tendency for people to attribute their own behavior to external causes, but that of others to internal factors is the _____.
actor-observer effect.
What tendency allows teachers to be mistaken for students when they look youthful and wear casual clothes?
Representativeness heuristic
A cluster of socially defined expectations that individuals in a given situation are expected to fulfill is known as a _____.
social role
The tendency to seek information that supports our beliefs while ignoring contradictory information is _____.
confirmation bias
Humans interpret people’s common attributes and create categories using the process of _____.
social categorization
People who adopt the behaviors, postures, or mannerisms of interaction partners, and are not aware that they are doing so, are demonstrating _____.
nonconscious mimicry
People who attribute negative events in their lives to internal, stable causes that extend to many spheres in their lives are said to have _____ explanatory style.
a pessimistic
An organized structure of knowledge about a stimulus that is built from experience and contains causal relations is a _____.
schema
The process by which recent exposure to certain stimuli or events increases the accessibility of certain memories, categories, or schemas is called _____.
priming
If personal warmth is valued more than competence in a culture, warmth is a _____.
central trait
Personality traits and attitudes can be considered _____.
internal attributions
Mental shortcuts that reduce complex judgments to simple rules are _____.
heuristics
Attributing negative events to an external, unstable, and specific cause is what kind of attribution process?
Optimistic explanatory style
The tendency to be biased toward a value one has been given when making a quantitative judgment is the _____ heuristic.
anchoring and adjustment
Barbie dolls, romantic comedies, and shopping are viewed as girl-like when viewed through _____.
gender schemas
When your favorite athletic team wins the conference championship, and your friend states, “I saw that coming all season long,” your friend is giving an example of _____.
hindsight bias
The error that occurs when personal descriptors are used to make judgments, as opposed to judging based on the frequency with which some event or pattern occurs in the general population is the _____.
base-rate fallacy
A high school student who got into a fight with his older brother in the morning did not attend a family event in the afternoon. When his family found out about the fight they understood why he had skipped the event. The family’s behavior exemplifies _____.
`external attribution
The most representative member of a category is known as a _____.
`prototype
Imagining different outcomes after an event is _____.
counterfactual thinking
The ways in which we interpret, analyze, remember, and use information about our social world
social cognition
The process of forming categories of people based on their common attributes
social categorization
The most representative member of a category
prototype
The most representative member of a category is called a prototype. (t/f)
true
An organized structure of knowledge about a stimulus that is built up from experience and that contains causal relations; a theory about how the social world operates
schema
A cognitive structure for processing information based on perceived female or male qualities
gender schema
A schema that describes how a series of events is likely to occur in a well-known situation and which is used as a guide for behavior and problem-solving
script
Once a schema is created, it is set in stone and does not change. (T/F)
FALSE. When new information is sharply inconsistent with an existing schema a new, separate schema can be created. But existing schemas can also be updated.
The process by which recent exposure to certain stimuli or events increases the accessibility of certain memories, categories, or schemas
priming
Schemas are both situationally activated and chronically accessible. (T/F)
TRUE
Time-saving mental shortcuts that reduce complex judgments to simple rules
heuristics
The tendency to judge the category membership of things based on how closely they match the “typical” or “average” member of that category
representativeness heuristic
The tendency to judge the frequency or probability of an event in terms of how easy it is to think of examples of that event
availability heuristic
A tendency to be biased toward the starting value or anchor in making quantitative judgments
anchoring and adjustment heuristic
Heuristics require reasonable accuracy. (T/F)
TRUE
We are more likely to use heuristics if we are overloaded with information. (t/f)
true
The tendency, once an event has occurred, to overestimate our ability to have foreseen the outcome
hindsight bias
Through the hindsight bias we can reduce disappointment and protect our self-esteem. (T/F)
TRUE
The tendency to evaluate events by imagining alternative versions or outcomes to what actually happened
counterfactual thinking
Counterfactual thinking can help us feel better after a negative outcome. (T/F)
true
The process by which we try to detect other people’s temporary states and enduring dispositions (also called social perception)
person perception
Communicating feelings and intentions without words
nonverbal communication
The tendency to adopt the behaviors, postures, or mannerisms of interaction partners without conscious awareness or intention
nonconscious mimicry
A cluster of socially defined expectations that individuals in a given situation are expected to fulfill
social role
People who are high in narcissism engage in nonconscious behavioral mimicry with people regardless of social status. (T/F)
FALSE. People who are high in narcissism engage in nonconscious behavioral mimicry when interacting with a higher social status person, but not when interacting with someone of lower social status
The theory that virtually all of the documented behavioral differences between males and females can be accounted for in terms of cultural stereotypes about gender and the resulting social roles that are taught to the young
social role theory
For women, the most acceptable emotional style to publicly display is extravagant expressiveness. (T/F)
TRUE
When someone lies, they do not look us in the eyes. (T/F)
FALSE. Experienced deceivers engage in deliberate eye contact to convince us they are being truthful.
Traits that exert a disproportionate influence on people’s overall impressions, causing them to assume the presence of other traits
central traits
A type of schema people use to organize and make sense of which personality traits and behaviors go together
implicit personality theories
Both high school students and first-year college students who initially held a fixed mindset showed improved academic performance after they participated in brief interventions informing them that intelligence is not fixed, but rather, is malleable. (T/F)
TRUE
The tendency to seek information that supports our beliefs while ignoring disconfirming information
confirmation bias
Confirmation bias is the tendency to seek all information available in order to reach a valid conclusion. (T/F)
FALSE. Confirmation bias is the tendency to seek information that supports our beliefs while ignoring disconfirming information.
The process by which people use information to make inferences about the causes of behavior or events
attribution
An attribution that locates the cause of an event in factors internal to the person, such as personality traits, moods, attitudes, abilities, or effort
internal attribution
An attribution that locates the cause of an event in factors external to the person, such as luck, other people, or the situation
external attribution
She insulted me because she is rude- WHAT IS THE CAUSALITY?
both internal and stable– dispositional
She insulted me because she has a cold
internal but unstable
She insulted me because I, the external factor, rub people the wrong way
external and stable
She insulted me because the weather conditions that day made her job very difficult
external and unstable
My roommate insulting me because she has a headache is an example of an internal and stable cause. (t/f)
false. This is an internal and UNSTABLE cause. don’t always have a headache
An attribution theory that describes how we make judgments about people’s actions by observing them over time (consistency information), across situations (distinctiveness information), and in comparison to others’ actions (consensus information)
covariation model
internal attribution
low consensus and distinctiveness and high consistency ie STUDENT IS LAZY this is to address the question why is this student sleeping in my class?
entity attribution
high consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency i.e. I’m a boring professor
this is to address the question why is this student sleeping in my class?
circumstance attribution
consensus and consistency are low but distinctiveness is high i.e. student didn’t get enough sleep last night
this is to address the question why is this student sleeping in my class?
When all three kinds of information are high, people are likely to make entity attributions. (T/F)
True. I the professor am the problem
When I talk on shabbat Orlee get snappy and will tell me what I am saying is wrong? What is happening? use the 3 different attributions to explain. SECOND ONE ONLY
2) entity attribution- this means that I am the problem.. I (the entity) am annoying and that is why she is acting the way she is
- high consensus: everyone in the group is acting this way towards me
-high distinctiveness: she doesn’t do this to other people (distinct to me)
-high consistency: she does this to me often
ALL ARE HIGH
When I talk on shabbat Orlee get snappy and will tell me what I am saying is wrong? What is happening? use the 3 different attributions to explain. FIRST ONE ONLY
1) internal attribution- this means that she is MEAN (to me? ).
-low consensus: no one else in the group is acting like this
-low distinctiveness: she does this when anyone talks
-high consistency: she has done this other days to me (not the only time)
When I talk on shabbat Orlee get snappy and will tell me what I am saying is wrong? What is happening? use the 3 different attributions to explain. THIRD ONE ONLY
3) circumstance attribution- This means that there was a specific incident that happened to her that is causing this behavior (outside from me)
-low consensus :no one else is acting like this
-high distinctiveness: she doesn’t do this to other people
-low consistency: she DOES NOT ALWAYS DO THIS TO ME
When all three kinds of information are high, people are likely to make entity attributions. (t/f)
TRUE
The tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional causes and underestimate the impact of situational causes on other people’s behavior
fundamental attribution error
-our desire for predictability may make us more susceptible to the fundamental attribution error
The tendency for people to attribute their own behavior to external causes but that of others to internal factors
actor-observer effect
Attributing the behavior of others to internal factors allows social perceivers to block actors’ attempts to deny responsibility for negative events with which they are associated. (t/f)
true
Theories of attribution that propose that people initially engage in a relatively automatic and simple attributional assessment but then later consciously correct this attribution with more deliberate and effortful thinking
dual-process models of attribution
In collectivist cultures, when we don’t engage in deliberate attributional inference, our explanations of other people’s actions are likely to fall prey to the fundamental attribution error. (T/F)
false. This describes individualist cultures.
A habitual tendency to attribute negative events to internal, stable, and global causes, and positive events to external, unstable, and specific causes
pessimistic explanatory style
A habitual tendency to attribute negative events to external, unstable, and specific causes, and positive events to internal, stable, and global causes
optimistic explanatory style
