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NUTRITION > CH.8: VITAMINS > Flashcards

CH.8: VITAMINS Flashcards

1
Q

_______: an organic compound that is not made by the body or not made in the amounts that maintain good health. Cause deficiency disorder when it is missing from the diet

A

Vitamins

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2
Q

FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS: __ __ __ & __. Associated with lipids in foods and the body. Do not dissolve in water or urine. Stored in the body and may be toxic.

A

A D E K

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3
Q

WATER SOLUBLE __ & ___. Dissolve in watery components of foods and the body. Excreted in urine. Most are not stored to a major extent.

A

B vitamins and C

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4
Q

ROLES of VITAMINS

A 
hormonal action (D)
Participate in certain chemical reactions (B vitamins)
Regulate a variety of body processes
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5
Q

A substance that gives up electrons to stabilize free radicals.

A

Antioxidant

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6
Q

Loss of electrons

A

oxidation

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7
Q

gain of electrons

A

reduction

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8
Q

Most free radicals are ________ (unstable) because they have unpaired electrons. A free radical can remove an electron from a more stable molecule such as DNA or fatty acid

A

Highly reactive

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9
Q

By _______ ___ an electron to a free radical, an antioxidant protects other molecules. Action Stabilizes the free radical.

A

Giving up

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10
Q

_____ ______ and _______ _ & __ function as antioxidants

A

Beta Carotene

vitamins E & C

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11
Q

Natural sources of vitamins:

A

plants, animals, fungi and bacteria

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12
Q

________: made in laboratories by chemist.

A

Synthetic

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13
Q

Addition of specific amounts of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folic acid, and the mineral iron to refine flour and milled grams.

A

Enrichment

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14
Q

Addition of one or more nutrients to a wide array of commonly eaten processed foods during their manufacturing

A

Fortification

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15
Q

Absorption occurs in

A

small intestine

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16
Q

Absorption generally increases when more of the vitamin is needed:

A

growth
pregnancy
lactation

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17
Q

Fat soluble vitamins are absorbed with

A

dietary fat

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18
Q

_______ ______ (CF) interferes with fat digestion and fat soluble vitamin absorption.

A

Cystic Fibrosis

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19
Q

In the U.S severe deficiencies are uncommon because of

A

food preservations
food enrichment and fortification
widespread availability of fruits and vegetables

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20
Q

True or flse. However many americans do not consume recommended amounts of E, D, and Choline

A

True

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21
Q

Populations are risk for vitamin deficiency

A 
Alcoholics
older adults
long term hospital
people with 
Anorexia nervosa, gastrointestinal disorders, rare metabolic conditions
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22
Q

VITAMIN A:

_________ (preformed A) most active form in animal foods

A

Retinol

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23
Q

VITAMIN A:

______ ________: (provitamin A) CAROTENOID that body can convert to some retinol

A

Beta Carotene

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24
Q

MAJOR FUNCTION OF VITAMIN A:

A

normal vision and reproduction
cellular growth
immune system
epithelial cell production and maintenance

25
Q

The inability to see in dim light. Early sign of Vitamin A deficiency. Rods and Cons need vitamin A

A

Night Blindness

26
Q

VITAMIN A DEfieciency Excess _______: skin becomes rough and bumpy, inner eyelid hardens (xerothalmia)

A

Keratin

27
Q

Tough protein found in hair, nails, and outermost layers of skin

A

keratin

28
Q

Excess VITAMIN A: may lead to “

A

Liver damage

yellowing of skin

29
Q

VITAMIN D needed for:

A

metabolism of calcium and phosphorus

production and maintenance of healthy bones

30
Q

______ _______ (PTH) released when blood calcium drops, stimulates kidneys to increase active vitamin D production and decreases urinary calcium excretion

A

Parathyroid hormone

31
Q

know and understand the function/sythesis/ and maintenance of calcium.

A

LOOK AT THE SLIDE

32
Q

Vitamin D deficiency can lead to

A

rickets

ostemalacia

33
Q

Vitamin D toxicity:

A

the excess calcium is deposited in soft tissues including kidneys, heart, and blood vessels

34
Q

_______ ___: (alpha tocopherol): Function: major fat soluble antioxidant found in cell. Protects polyunsatured fatty acids. improves vitamin A absorption. Maintaines nervous system and immune system function

A

Vitamin E

35
Q

Vitamin E difeciency

A

HEMOLYSIS

36
Q

Vitamin E toxicity

A

interfere with Vit. K’s role in blood clotting

37
Q

Why is vitamin K neccesary?

A

clotting factors

38
Q

Vitamin K deficiency:

A

newborns and people with impaired liver function or absorption

39
Q

Vitamin K toxicity:

A

NONE KNOWN

40
Q

Most function as components of specific coenzymes

A

water-soluble vitamins

41
Q

Small molecules that regulate chemical reactions by interacting with enzymes. Many enzymes require XXXX to function,

A

Coenzymes

42
Q

Thiamin Function:

A

part of conenzyme involved in release of energy
metabolism of amino acids
synthesis of neurotransmitters

43
Q

Thiamin Deficiencies:

________ : weak have poor muscular coordination and may develop cardiovascular problems and edema.

A

BeriBeri

44
Q

Thiamin Deficiencies: Typically seen in alcoholics because alcohol decreases absorption and increases excretion

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

45
Q

________: coenzyme for metabolism of carb , lipids and amino acids. Deficiency occur in people who do not drink milk or eat enriched grains

A

Riboflavin

46
Q

________: part of two conenzymes that participate in at least 200 reactions.

A

Niacin

47
Q

NIACIN DEFICIENCY:

PELLAGRA 4 D’s

A

dermatitis
diarrhea
dementia
death

48
Q

______ __ __: Part of coenzyme needed for amino acid metabolism

A

Vitamin B-6

49
Q

_______: part of coenzyme tetrahydrofolic acid involved in DNA and amino acid metabolism. Conversion of homocysteine to methionine.

A

Folate

50
Q

Good food source of folate

A

Leafy green vegetables liver legumes

51
Q

Folate Deficiency:

A

affect red blood cells division

neural tube defects

52
Q

_________ __-___: part of coenzyme needed for folate metabolism and maintenance of myelin sheath.

A

Vitamin B-12

53
Q

Absorption of B-12

A

bound to proteins, INTRINSIC FACTOR

54
Q

Deficiency B-12

A 
Food Cobalamin Malabsorption(decline gastric and acid production)
Pernicous Anemia(reduce production of intrinsic factor)
55
Q

Function of Vitamin C

A 
collagen synthesis
antioxidant
immune system
bile synthesis 
neurotransmitters and hormones
56
Q

Vitamin C toxicity:

A

kidney stones

57
Q

Vitamin C deficiency

A

scurvy

58
Q

USES OF VIT C.

A

does not prevent common cold but may reduce severity

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NUTRITION (12 decks)

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