CH.8: VITAMINS Flashcards
_______: an organic compound that is not made by the body or not made in the amounts that maintain good health. Cause deficiency disorder when it is missing from the diet
Vitamins
FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS: __ __ __ & __. Associated with lipids in foods and the body. Do not dissolve in water or urine. Stored in the body and may be toxic.
A D E K
WATER SOLUBLE __ & ___. Dissolve in watery components of foods and the body. Excreted in urine. Most are not stored to a major extent.
B vitamins and C
ROLES of VITAMINS
hormonal action (D) Participate in certain chemical reactions (B vitamins) Regulate a variety of body processes
A substance that gives up electrons to stabilize free radicals.
Antioxidant
Loss of electrons
oxidation
gain of electrons
reduction
Most free radicals are ________ (unstable) because they have unpaired electrons. A free radical can remove an electron from a more stable molecule such as DNA or fatty acid
Highly reactive
By _______ ___ an electron to a free radical, an antioxidant protects other molecules. Action Stabilizes the free radical.
Giving up
_____ ______ and _______ _ & __ function as antioxidants
Beta Carotene
vitamins E & C
Natural sources of vitamins:
plants, animals, fungi and bacteria
________: made in laboratories by chemist.
Synthetic
Addition of specific amounts of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folic acid, and the mineral iron to refine flour and milled grams.
Enrichment
Addition of one or more nutrients to a wide array of commonly eaten processed foods during their manufacturing
Fortification
Absorption occurs in
small intestine
Absorption generally increases when more of the vitamin is needed:
growth
pregnancy
lactation
Fat soluble vitamins are absorbed with
dietary fat
_______ ______ (CF) interferes with fat digestion and fat soluble vitamin absorption.
Cystic Fibrosis
In the U.S severe deficiencies are uncommon because of
food preservations
food enrichment and fortification
widespread availability of fruits and vegetables
True or flse. However many americans do not consume recommended amounts of E, D, and Choline
True
Populations are risk for vitamin deficiency
Alcoholics older adults long term hospital people with Anorexia nervosa, gastrointestinal disorders, rare metabolic conditions
VITAMIN A:
_________ (preformed A) most active form in animal foods
Retinol
VITAMIN A:
______ ________: (provitamin A) CAROTENOID that body can convert to some retinol
Beta Carotene
MAJOR FUNCTION OF VITAMIN A:
normal vision and reproduction
cellular growth
immune system
epithelial cell production and maintenance
The inability to see in dim light. Early sign of Vitamin A deficiency. Rods and Cons need vitamin A
Night Blindness
VITAMIN A DEfieciency Excess _______: skin becomes rough and bumpy, inner eyelid hardens (xerothalmia)
Keratin
Tough protein found in hair, nails, and outermost layers of skin
keratin
Excess VITAMIN A: may lead to “
Liver damage
yellowing of skin
VITAMIN D needed for:
metabolism of calcium and phosphorus
production and maintenance of healthy bones
______ _______ (PTH) released when blood calcium drops, stimulates kidneys to increase active vitamin D production and decreases urinary calcium excretion
Parathyroid hormone
know and understand the function/sythesis/ and maintenance of calcium.
LOOK AT THE SLIDE
Vitamin D deficiency can lead to
rickets
ostemalacia
Vitamin D toxicity:
the excess calcium is deposited in soft tissues including kidneys, heart, and blood vessels
_______ ___: (alpha tocopherol): Function: major fat soluble antioxidant found in cell. Protects polyunsatured fatty acids. improves vitamin A absorption. Maintaines nervous system and immune system function
Vitamin E
Vitamin E difeciency
HEMOLYSIS
Vitamin E toxicity
interfere with Vit. K’s role in blood clotting
Why is vitamin K neccesary?
clotting factors
Vitamin K deficiency:
newborns and people with impaired liver function or absorption
Vitamin K toxicity:
NONE KNOWN
Most function as components of specific coenzymes
water-soluble vitamins
Small molecules that regulate chemical reactions by interacting with enzymes. Many enzymes require XXXX to function,
Coenzymes
Thiamin Function:
part of conenzyme involved in release of energy
metabolism of amino acids
synthesis of neurotransmitters
Thiamin Deficiencies:
________ : weak have poor muscular coordination and may develop cardiovascular problems and edema.
BeriBeri
Thiamin Deficiencies: Typically seen in alcoholics because alcohol decreases absorption and increases excretion
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
________: coenzyme for metabolism of carb , lipids and amino acids. Deficiency occur in people who do not drink milk or eat enriched grains
Riboflavin
________: part of two conenzymes that participate in at least 200 reactions.
Niacin
NIACIN DEFICIENCY:
PELLAGRA 4 D’s
dermatitis
diarrhea
dementia
death
______ __ __: Part of coenzyme needed for amino acid metabolism
Vitamin B-6
_______: part of coenzyme tetrahydrofolic acid involved in DNA and amino acid metabolism. Conversion of homocysteine to methionine.
Folate
Good food source of folate
Leafy green vegetables liver legumes
Folate Deficiency:
affect red blood cells division
neural tube defects
_________ __-___: part of coenzyme needed for folate metabolism and maintenance of myelin sheath.
Vitamin B-12
Absorption of B-12
bound to proteins, INTRINSIC FACTOR
Deficiency B-12
Food Cobalamin Malabsorption(decline gastric and acid production) Pernicous Anemia(reduce production of intrinsic factor)
Function of Vitamin C
collagen synthesis antioxidant immune system bile synthesis neurotransmitters and hormones
Vitamin C toxicity:
kidney stones
Vitamin C deficiency
scurvy
USES OF VIT C.
does not prevent common cold but may reduce severity
MORE RESEARCH NEEDED
