CH.8: VITAMINS

Question 1

_______: an organic compound that is not made by the body or not made in the amounts that maintain good health. Cause deficiency disorder when it is missing from the diet

Answer 1

Vitamins

Question 2

FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS: __ __ __ & __. Associated with lipids in foods and the body. Do not dissolve in water or urine. Stored in the body and may be toxic.

Answer 2

A D E K

Question 3

WATER SOLUBLE __ & ___. Dissolve in watery components of foods and the body. Excreted in urine. Most are not stored to a major extent.

Answer 3

B vitamins and C

Question 4

ROLES of VITAMINS

Answer 4

hormonal action (D)
Participate in certain chemical reactions (B vitamins)
Regulate a variety of body processes

Question 5

A substance that gives up electrons to stabilize free radicals.

Answer 5

Antioxidant

Question 6

Loss of electrons

Answer 6

oxidation

Question 7

gain of electrons

Answer 7

reduction

Question 8

Most free radicals are ________ (unstable) because they have unpaired electrons. A free radical can remove an electron from a more stable molecule such as DNA or fatty acid

Answer 8

Highly reactive

Question 9

By _______ ___ an electron to a free radical, an antioxidant protects other molecules. Action Stabilizes the free radical.

Answer 9

Giving up

Question 10

_____ ______ and _______ _ & __ function as antioxidants

Answer 10

Beta Carotene

vitamins E & C

Question 11

Natural sources of vitamins:

Answer 11

plants, animals, fungi and bacteria

Question 12

________: made in laboratories by chemist.

Answer 12

Synthetic

Question 13

Addition of specific amounts of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folic acid, and the mineral iron to refine flour and milled grams.

Answer 13

Enrichment

Question 14

Addition of one or more nutrients to a wide array of commonly eaten processed foods during their manufacturing

Answer 14

Fortification

Question 15

Absorption occurs in

Answer 15

small intestine

Question 16

Absorption generally increases when more of the vitamin is needed:

Answer 16

growth
pregnancy
lactation

Question 17

Fat soluble vitamins are absorbed with

Answer 17

dietary fat

Question 18

_______ ______ (CF) interferes with fat digestion and fat soluble vitamin absorption.

Answer 18

Cystic Fibrosis

Question 19

In the U.S severe deficiencies are uncommon because of

Answer 19

food preservations
food enrichment and fortification
widespread availability of fruits and vegetables

Question 20

True or flse. However many americans do not consume recommended amounts of E, D, and Choline

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Populations are risk for vitamin deficiency

Answer 21

Alcoholics
older adults
long term hospital
people with 
Anorexia nervosa, gastrointestinal disorders, rare metabolic conditions

Question 22

VITAMIN A:

_________ (preformed A) most active form in animal foods

Answer 22

Retinol

Question 23

VITAMIN A:

______ ________: (provitamin A) CAROTENOID that body can convert to some retinol

Answer 23

Beta Carotene

Question 24

MAJOR FUNCTION OF VITAMIN A:

Answer 24

normal vision and reproduction
cellular growth
immune system
epithelial cell production and maintenance

Question 25

The inability to see in dim light. Early sign of Vitamin A deficiency. Rods and Cons need vitamin A

Answer 25

Night Blindness

Question 26

VITAMIN A DEfieciency Excess _______: skin becomes rough and bumpy, inner eyelid hardens (xerothalmia)

Answer 26

Keratin

Question 27

Tough protein found in hair, nails, and outermost layers of skin

Answer 27

keratin

Question 28

Excess VITAMIN A: may lead to "

Answer 28

Liver damage | yellowing of skin

Question 29

VITAMIN D needed for:

Answer 29

metabolism of calcium and phosphorus | production and maintenance of healthy bones

Question 30

______ _______ (PTH) released when blood calcium drops, stimulates kidneys to increase active vitamin D production and decreases urinary calcium excretion

Answer 30

Parathyroid hormone

Question 31

know and understand the function/sythesis/ and maintenance of calcium.

Answer 31

LOOK AT THE SLIDE

Question 32

Vitamin D deficiency can lead to

Answer 32

rickets | ostemalacia

Question 33

Vitamin D toxicity:

Answer 33

the excess calcium is deposited in soft tissues including kidneys, heart, and blood vessels

Question 34

_______ ___: (alpha tocopherol): Function: major fat soluble antioxidant found in cell. Protects polyunsatured fatty acids. improves vitamin A absorption. Maintaines nervous system and immune system function

Answer 34

Vitamin E

Question 35

Vitamin E difeciency

Answer 35

HEMOLYSIS

Question 36

Vitamin E toxicity

Answer 36

interfere with Vit. K's role in blood clotting

Question 37

Why is vitamin K neccesary?

Answer 37

clotting factors

Question 38

Vitamin K deficiency:

Answer 38

newborns and people with impaired liver function or absorption

Question 39

Vitamin K toxicity:

Answer 39

NONE KNOWN

Question 40

Most function as components of specific coenzymes

Answer 40

water-soluble vitamins

Question 41

Small molecules that regulate chemical reactions by interacting with enzymes. Many enzymes require XXXX to function,

Answer 41

Coenzymes

Question 42

Thiamin Function:

Answer 42

part of conenzyme involved in release of energy metabolism of amino acids synthesis of neurotransmitters

Question 43

Thiamin Deficiencies: | ________ : weak have poor muscular coordination and may develop cardiovascular problems and edema.

Answer 43

BeriBeri

Question 44

Thiamin Deficiencies: Typically seen in alcoholics because alcohol decreases absorption and increases excretion

Answer 44

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Question 45

________: coenzyme for metabolism of carb , lipids and amino acids. Deficiency occur in people who do not drink milk or eat enriched grains

Answer 45

Riboflavin

Question 46

________: part of two conenzymes that participate in at least 200 reactions.

Answer 46

Niacin

Question 47

NIACIN DEFICIENCY: | PELLAGRA 4 D's

Answer 47

dermatitis diarrhea dementia death

Question 48

______ __ __: Part of coenzyme needed for amino acid metabolism

Answer 48

Vitamin B-6

Question 49

_______: part of coenzyme tetrahydrofolic acid involved in DNA and amino acid metabolism. Conversion of homocysteine to methionine.

Answer 49

Folate

Question 50

Good food source of folate

Answer 50

Leafy green vegetables liver legumes

Question 51

Folate Deficiency:

Answer 51

affect red blood cells division | neural tube defects

Question 52

_________ __-___: part of coenzyme needed for folate metabolism and maintenance of myelin sheath.

Answer 52

Vitamin B-12

Question 53

Absorption of B-12

Answer 53

bound to proteins, INTRINSIC FACTOR

Question 54

Deficiency B-12

Answer 54

``` Food Cobalamin Malabsorption(decline gastric and acid production) Pernicous Anemia(reduce production of intrinsic factor) ```

Question 55

Function of Vitamin C

Answer 55

``` collagen synthesis antioxidant immune system bile synthesis neurotransmitters and hormones ```

Question 56

Vitamin C toxicity:

Answer 56

kidney stones

Question 57

Vitamin C deficiency

Answer 57

scurvy

Question 58

USES OF VIT C.

Answer 58

does not prevent common cold but may reduce severity | MORE RESEARCH NEEDED