CH.6: LIPIDS Flashcards
2 Characteristics of Lipids
INSOLUBLE and LESS DENSE
LIPIDS INCLUDE:
fatty acids
triglycerides
phospholipids
cholesterol
______ ____: contains a hydrocarbon chain with a methyl group (CH3) at one end and an acid group at the other.
Fatty acid
Fatty acids vary in their _____ ?
number of carbons
Short chain fatty acids contains
2 - 4 carbons
Medium chain fatty acids contains
6-12 carbons
long chain fatty acids contains
14-24 carbons
TYPE OF FATTY ACID: _______: each carbon atom within the chain holds 2 hydrogen
saturated
TYPE OF FATTY ACID: _______: one or more carbon atoms within the chain lack 2 hydrogen atoms. CONTAINS DOUBLE BONDS.
Unsaturated
OMEGA-3 ACTION:
reduces inflammation, blood clotting and blood pressure.
OMEGA-6 ACTION:
Increases inflammation and blood clotting
_____ ____: unsaturated fats with at least 1 trans double bond rather than the more common cis double.
TRANS FAT
Process that adds hydrogen atoms to liquid vegetable oils
hydrogenation
Not all double bonds are hydrogenated. Natural cis double bonds convert to the unhealthy trans form.
Partial hydrogenation
_____ _____: is used in many processed food, High amounts of trans fat in diet increase heart disease risk by raising blood cholesterol levels.
TRANS FAT
Composed of 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone. 95% of lipids in the body and foods is in the form of _______
Triglycerides
Chemically similar to a triglyceride, 1 fatty acid is replaced by a compound containing phosphorus and nitrogen groups.
Phospholipid
Main phospholipid in foods such as egg yolks, liver, wheat germ, peanut butter and soy
Lecithin
Phospholipids act as __________ because they have hydrophobic and hydrophillic regions.
emulsifiers
________ is a STEROL, a compound that is more complex than most other lipids
cholesterol
The body uses cholesterol to make :
VITAMIN D
STEROID HORMONES (estrogen and testosterone)
BILE
____ is made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. Contains bile salts that aid in lipid digestion. Without ____, lipids clump together in large fat globules
BILE
5 Steps of Lipid Digestion and Absorption:
- Large fat droplets enter the small intestine
- Bile Salts emulsify it into smaller particles
- Lipase breaks down the fat into fatty acids and monoglycerides
- Monog. and Fatyy a. are absorbed through the villi and then reform into trigly.
- Trig combines with chol. proteins and phospho to form chylomicrons
_______ ____: convert glycerol and monoglycerides back into triglycerides
Adipose cells
Triglycerides provide ___ kcal/g
9
_____ can convert glycerol to glucose
liver
True or false: Americans eat more fat than 20 years ago.
True, 1987- 54 ilbs
2007- 63 ibs
____ contributes 34% of the average American’s daily caloric intake
Fat
The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution range is
20-35% of total calories
Dietary guideline of
Saturated fats
Less than 10%
Dietary guideline of
Cholesterol
300 mg
Dietary guideline of
Trans fat
AS LOW AS POSSIBLE
Why grams of fat may not add up?
If food has less then .5 g of a specific fat it can be labeled as having 0 g.
_______ : disease of the heart and blood vessels
Cardiovascular disease
Most common forms of CVD are
Heart disease
Stroke
__ in __ adults Americans have some form of CVD
1 in 3
________: disease in which lipid containing plaques build up inside arteries
atherosclerosis
______ forms in an artery when something irritates the lining of the artery walls. Narrows arteries interferring with circulation
Plaque
Plaque may also result in the formation of a fixed clot— a
thrombus
A thrombus that breaks away and travels through the blood is an ____.
embolus
If an embolus lodges in the hear it can cause a ________, and if it lodges in the brain and deprives brain cells of oxygen and nutrients a ______ results
Heart attack and Stroke
MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS INCLUDE:
hypertension diabetes melitus elevated blood cholesterol excess body fat laziness tobacco used
________: transport lipids in the blood, PLAY A MAJOR ROLE in ATHEROSCLEROSIS DEVELOPMENT
carry diff types of lipids
lipoproteins
____: commonly called “good” cholesterol. Transports cholesterol away from tissues and to the liver where it can be eliminated
HDL
_____: commonly called “bad” cholesterol. Conveys cholesterol to tissues. May become Oxidized LDL and contribute to atherosclerotic plaque
LDL
Strategies to reduce dietary fat include:
reduce intake of fried foods purchase lean cuts of meat Reduce fat or fat free nut butters low fat snack foods less salad dressing eat more fiber
_________: class of medications that interfere with liver’s metabolism of cholesterol
statins
_______ inhibits intestinal absorption of cholesterol
Zetia
Alcohol production requires…
Microbes (yeast)
warm conditions
source of simple sugar
Typical sugar sources for common beverages are
grain fruits and potatoes
Koumis is made from
horse milk
Kefir is from
camel’s milk
true or false: Alcohol requires no digestion. Rapidly absorbed in the mouth, esophagus, stomach and small intestine
True
____________: begins in stomach where alcohol dehydrogenase metabolizes 20% of alcohol consumed.
Detoxification
Most alcohol is absorbed in
small intestine
Alcohol is metabolizd in the
Liver
At low doses, enzymes convert alcohol to acetaldehyde and then to ______ ____. IT can be metabolized to provide energy or used to form fatty acids
Acetyl CoA
At high doses, the liver’s ability to metabolize alcohol using the dehydrogenase. under these conditions, the _______ _____ _____ _______ (MEOS) is used.
microsomal ethanol oxidizing system
MEOS ________ _____ as the heat produces dissipates into the environment
waste energy
Acts as a ________, slowing transmission of messeges between nerve cells.
depressant
Effects on the brain vary and depend on _____ _________ _____ BAC
blood alcohol concentration
____ ______: condition is reversible if the person avoids alcohol. fatty buildup around the liver
fatty liver
_________ irreversible hardening of the liver
liver cirrhosis
Light to moderate alcohol intakes:
raise HDL cholesterol
Reduce blood levels of fibrinogen
decrease platelet stickiness
