CH.7: PROTEINS Flashcards
True or false: All cells in the body contain proteins.
True
Specific type of protein include:
________ protein in cartilage, ligaments, bones, hair , skin and nails
structural
Specific type of protein include:
________ proteins that enable muscles to move
contractile
Specific type of protein include:
________ proteins such as melanin determine color of eyes, hair, and skin
pigment
Specific type of protein include:
________ proteins that are needed for blood clotting
clotting
Certain XXXX are proteins. ______ are chemical messengers that regulate body processes and responses
hormones
________ compounds that speed up chemical reactions
enzymes
Function of Proteins include:
Transport
Fluid balance
Proteins are made of smaller units called ______ ____. There is 20 different XXXX found in the human proteins
amino acid
Each amino acid is composed of 3 Things
An amino (nitrogen)
R-group (side chain)
Acid Group
3 Characteristics of Essential Amino Acids
cannot be made by the body
must be supplied by diet
9 of the 20 amino acids
2 characteristics of Nonessential Amino Acids
can be made by the body
11 of the 20 amino acids
True or False: NEARLY ALL FOOD CONTAIN SOME PROTEIN BUT NO NATURAL FOOD IS 100% PROTEIN
TRUE
Protein quality:
HIGH QUALITY PROTEIN CHARACTERISTICS:
contain all 9 essential amino acids in amounts that support growth
most animal products
high quality plant foods
Protein quality: LOW QUALITY PROTEIN:
lacks or has inadequate amounts of 1 or more essential amino acid
most plant foods and gelatin
How are proteins made?
- cells assemble the 20 amino acids in specific sequences according to DNA manual
- Amino acids are then connected by PEPTIDE BONDS
_________ chains of less than 15 amino acids
Peptides
________ proteins made of more than 50 amino acids
Polypeptides
______ ___ ______: is an inherited condition that affects red blood cells
Sickle cell anemia
PROTEIN DENATURATION BY
heat
acidity
Alcohol
Physical agitation
Protein digestion begins in the XXXXX
hydrochloric acid denatures proteins.
STOMACH
The enzyme _______ digest proteins into smaller polypeptides
pepsin
Polypeptides enter the ________.
Small intestine
The enzymes _______ & ________ break down polypeptides into shorter peptides and individual amino acids
trypsin and chymotrypsin
_________ occurs in the small intestine. Absorptive cells release enzymes that digest most small peptides into individual amino acids
Absorption
Individual amino acids and some di and tripeptides enter absorptive cells where they are completely digested to ______ ____
amino acids
PROTEIN DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION PROCESS:
- Stomach. Proteins undergo denaturation by stomach acid and partial digestion by pepsin
- Small intestine: the pancreas secretes protein splitting enzymes TRYPSIN AND CHYMOTRYPSIN
- Absortive cells, FInal digestion occurs.
- After being absorbed amino acids enter the portal vein and travel to the liver
- very little dietary protein is excreted in feces.
Daily protein needs of healthy adults RDA
.8 g/kg body wt
Proteins need increase during
periods of growth
pregnancy
lactation
recovery from illness and injury
RDA FORMULA
- convert weight in Ibs to Kg 2.2 pound=1 Kg
2. multiply kg x .8
Inflammatory response resulting when body’s immune system reacts inappropriately to a substance that is typically harmless
allergy
True or false: Most food allergens are proteins that escape digestion and are absorbed as whole protein
true
Protein rich foods include
cows milk eggs peanuts wheat soybeans fish and shellfish
non proteins
food dyes
sulfites added to wine potatoes and shrimp
Who develops food allergies?
people with family history
6% of children (mostly outgrow)
3-4% of adults
Treatment of Food Allergies
Avoid
Read
Educate
_______ Proteins found in wheat buckwheat barley and rye. Triggers inflammatory response in small intestine (celiac disease)
Gluten
__________ (PKU) genetic disorder affect 1/10,000 infants caused by lack of enzyme that converts the amino acid XXXXX to another compound. Undiagnosed will develop into mental retardation FOLLOW STRICT VEGAN DIET
Phenylketonuria
Recommendations for protein intake.
Choose lean or low fat meat and poultry EXTRA LEAN Trim visible fat more legumes less animal proteins more plant proteins
________ ______:mixing certain plant foods to provide all essential amino acids without adding animal proteins
Complementary combinations
Amino acids often low or limiting in plant proteins
trytophan
threonine
lysine
methionine
People who eat plant-based diets
VEGETARIANS
Types of Vegetarians:
Lactovegetarian (milk)
Ovovegetarian (eggs)
LactoOvo veg (egg/milk)
Vegan (only plants)
PROS OF VEGETARIANS:
weigh less
have less heart disease
often exercise more meditate, avoid tobacco and alcohol
CONS OF VEGETARIANS:
calories high quality protein Omega 3 fatty acids Vitamin B-12 and D Zinc iron and calcium
Results from chronic lack of food or poor food choices
undernutrition
_________ adequate energy intake but intake of high quality protein is low. EDEMA
Kwashiorkor
________ Starvation—extreme weight loss
Marasmus
