CH.5: Carbohydrates Flashcards
A major source of energy of cells. Without a steady supply of energy, cells cannot function and they doe. Plants are rich sources of XXXX, they make these substances by using the suns energy to combine carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms
CARBOHYDRATES
3 types of Carbohydrates
Monosacchrides
Dissachrides
Polysacchrides
Monosacchrides include3 types of sugars
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
_________ is the most important monosacchride in the human body. PRIMARY FUEL FOR MUSCLE AND OTHER CELLS, also called blood sugar
Glucose
__________ is naturally found in fruit, easily made from corn.
Fructose
_________ not commonly found in foods, component of lactose. Glucose to galactose pregnancy. breast milk
Galactose
Dissachrides include 3 types of sugar:
maltose, sucrose, and lactose
________ GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE
MALTOSE
___________ GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE. (table sugar) occurs naturally in honey, maple syrup carrots and pineapples. REFINED FROM SUGAR CANES AND SUGAR BEETS. raw sugar (turninado)
Sucrose
________ (milk sugar) forms when galactose +glucose bond
lactose
Substances that sweeten and contribute energy to foods
Nutritive sweeteners
Substances that sweeten foods while providing a few or no kilocalories
Alternative sweetners
Alternative nutritive sweetners include sugar alcohols
sorbitol, xylitiol and mannitol
_______ _______: replace sucrose in products such as sugar free gum.NOT FULLY ABSORBED BY THE INTESTINAL TRACT. do not contribute to dental decay. 2 kcal/g. MAY CAUSE DIARRHEA when consumed in large amounts
sugar alcohol
________ _________: group of synthetic compounds that are intensely sweet tasting compared to sugar
nonnutritive sweetners
_________ better known by its trade name NUTRASWEET or EQUAL consist of phenylalanin and aspartic scid. people who have PKU must avoid
Aspartame
____________ are compromised of 10 or more monosacchrides bonded together. STORE ENERGY OR MAKE CERTAIN STRUCTUREAL COMPONENTS
Polysacchrides
_____ and _________: are polysacchrides that contain hundred of glucose molecules bound together into large chainlike structures.
Starch and glycogen
________ and _________ are major sites for glycogen formation and storage
Muscles and liver
Most forms of ______ are complex carbohydrates compromised of monosacchrides connected by bonds that humans CANNOT digest
Fiber
Two types of fiber
soluble fiber and insoluble fiber
________ fiber such as PECTIN AND GUMS dissolve or swell in water
Soluble
________ fiber such as CELLULOSE AND LIGNIN, do not dissolve in water
insoluble
The ____ __________ is the main site for carbohydrate digestion and absorption, but a minor amount of starch digestion begins in the mouth as SALIVARY AMYLASE break down the starch molecules into maltose
Small intestine
An amylase secreted by the ________ (xxxx amylase) breaks down the remaining polyssachride
pancreas
_______ helps regulate blood glucose levels because the hormone enables glucose to enter most cells. INFLUENCES FAT, GLYCOGEN, AND PROTEIN METABOLISM
Insulin
_________ hormone that helps regulate blood glucose levels. promote breakdown of glycogen. STIMULATE LIVER AND KIDNEY CELLS TO PRODUCE GLUCOSE FROM CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS
glucagon
Glycogen breakdown. Releases glucose into the blood stream
glycogenolysis
FAT BREAKDOWN,
lypolysis
________ ________ are chemicals that results from the incomplete breakdown of fat.
ketone bodies
condition that occurs with very high blood ketone bodies.
ketosis
Groups of serious chronic diseases characterized by abnormal glucose, fat, and protein metabolism
Diabetes melitus
abnormally high blood glucose level
hyperglycemia
_____ ___ _______: is an autoimmune disease that occurs when certain immune cells malfunctions and do not recognize the body’s own beta cells
TYPE I Diabetes
_____ ___ ______: most common form of diabetes. INSULIN RESISTANT CELLS
TYPE II diabetes
A condition that occurs when the blood glucose levels is abnormally low
hypoglycemia
