CH.4: Body Basics

Question 1

A process by which large food molecules are mechanically and chemically broken down

Answer 1

Digestion

Question 2

_______ refers to the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living cells

Answer 2

Metabolism

Question 3

______: proteins that initiate or facilitate (catalyze) chemical reactions. They are recycable, they do not become part of the products of a reaction. End with ASE

Answer 3

Enzymes

Question 4

Scientific study of cells and other body structures

Answer 4

Anatomy

Question 5

Scientific study of the functioning of cells and other body structures

Answer 5

Physiology

Question 6

Structures in the cells that perform specialized functions

Answer 6

Organelles

Question 7

Molecule that contains coded instructions for synthesizing proteins.

Answer 7

DNA

Question 8

Organization of the human body:

Answer 8

cell
tissue
organ
organ system
organism

Question 9

The collection of similar cells that perform specialized functions. EPITHELIAL and CONNECTIVE

Answer 9

tissues

Question 10

Collection of tissues that perform a specific function

Answer 10

Organ

Question 11

Collection of organs that work together

Answer 11

System

Question 12

Process by which substances are taken up from the GI tract and enter the bloodstream or the lymph

Answer 12

Absorption

Question 13

The major structures and function of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:

Answer 13

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Digestion and absorption of nutrients

Question 14

_________ _____: GI tract. muscular tube that extends from the mouth to the anus

Answer 14

gastrointestinal tract

Question 15

__________: refers to the extent to which the digestive tract absorbs a nutrient and how well the body uses it

Answer 15

Bioavailability

Question 16

________ ________: breakdown of food by biting, tearing, and grinding into smaller chunks that are easier to swallow.

Answer 16

Mechanical digestion

Question 17

________ _______: refers to the chemical breakdown of foods by substances secreted into the GI tract.

Answer 17

Chemical digestion

Question 18

Saliva contains the enzymes _____ ______(starch digestion) and _____ ______(fat digestion)

Answer 18

Salivary amylase and Lingual Lipase

Question 19

________ _____: have specialized cells that help you distinguish sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami taste

Answer 19

TASTE BUDS

Question 20

the ________ is a muscular tube that extends about 10 inches from the back of the mouth to the pharynx to the top of the stomach. FUNCTION: to transfer mass of swallowed food into the stomach.

Answer 20

Esophagus

Question 21

the voicebox

Answer 21

larynx

Question 22

the opening of the windpipe

Answer 22

trachea

Question 23

the ________ is a flap of tissue that prevents food from entering the larynx and trachea

Answer 23

epiglottis

Question 24

__________: waves of muscular activity that helps propel material through the digestive tract. INVOLUNTARY RESPONSE

Answer 24

peristalsis

Question 25

The ________ _______ is the section of esophagus that is next to the stomach. Constricts and closes

Answer 25

Gastroesophageal sphincter

Question 26

The organ secretes gastric juices, a watery solution that contains ___________ (HCL) and some enzymes. Helps convert chemically inactive digestive enzymes to their active norms and make proteins easier to digest

Answer 26

Hydrochloric acid

Question 27

Semisolid liquid

Answer 27

chyme

Question 28

Fluid that lubricates and protects certain cells

Answer 28

mucus

Question 29

The ______ _____ is a ring of muscular tissue at the base of the stomach, controls the rate at which chyme is released into the small intestine.

Answer 29

Pyloric sphincter

Question 30

The _____ _______ is where most nutrients are digested and absorbed

Answer 30

small intestine

Question 31

The small intestine has three sections:

Answer 31

duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

Question 32

A ________ is a hollow space in an organ or structure that is surrounded by walls such as the xxxx of the small and large intestines.

Answer 32

lumen

Question 33

Many of the major chemical reactions that occur during digestion are ________ because water molecules are necessary for the reactions to occur.

Answer 33

hydrolytic

Question 34

__________: involves regular contractions of ringlike intestinal muscles followed by muscular relaxations to mix chyme within a short portion of the small intestine.

Answer 34

Segmentation

Question 35

It takes about __ to ___ hours for chyme to move from the duodenum to the end of the ileum.

Answer 35

3 to 5

Question 36

The ______: processes and stores many nutrients and produces and secretes bile

Answer 36

Liver

Question 37

The ________" stores and concentrates bile from the liver and releases bile into the duodenum

Answer 37

gallbladder

Question 38

The _________: produces and secrete pancreatic juice Neutralizes the gastric juices.

Answer 38

Pancreas

Question 39

______; the lining of the small intestine is highly folded and covered by tiny, fingerlike projections

Answer 39

villi

Question 40

________ ____: each villus has an outer layer of epithelial cells. Completer digestions and remove nutrients from chyme and transfer them into intestinal blood lymph vessels.

Answer 40

absorptive cells

Question 41

_______ _______: delivers nutrients directly to the liver where many undergo processing before they enter the general circulation

Answer 41

portal vein

Question 42

Most of the absorbed lipids are coated with a layer that contains a protein forming a __________. TRANSPORTED BY LYMPH

Answer 42

Chylomicron

Question 43

Chylomicron move into a _______, a type of lymphatic syatem structure in each villus

Answer 43

lacteal

Question 44

The large intestines two major sections are

Answer 44

colon and rectum

Question 45

Most of its water is absorbed in the large intestines, as a result the residue becomes semisolid and its called

Answer 45

feces

Question 46

________ ________ can metabolized undigested food, make the vitamins K and biotin. which their human hosts can absorb and produce substances that colon cells can use for energy. Also produce GAS

Answer 46

intestinal bacteria