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NUTRITION > CH.4: Body Basics > Flashcards

CH.4: Body Basics Flashcards

1
Q

A process by which large food molecules are mechanically and chemically broken down

A

Digestion

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2
Q

_______ refers to the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living cells

A

Metabolism

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3
Q

______: proteins that initiate or facilitate (catalyze) chemical reactions. They are recycable, they do not become part of the products of a reaction. End with ASE

A

Enzymes

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4
Q

Scientific study of cells and other body structures

A

Anatomy

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5
Q

Scientific study of the functioning of cells and other body structures

A

Physiology

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6
Q

Structures in the cells that perform specialized functions

A

Organelles

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7
Q

Molecule that contains coded instructions for synthesizing proteins.

A

DNA

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8
Q

Organization of the human body:

A 
cell
tissue
organ
organ system
organism
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9
Q

The collection of similar cells that perform specialized functions. EPITHELIAL and CONNECTIVE

A

tissues

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10
Q

Collection of tissues that perform a specific function

A

Organ

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11
Q

Collection of organs that work together

A

System

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12
Q

Process by which substances are taken up from the GI tract and enter the bloodstream or the lymph

A

Absorption

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13
Q

The major structures and function of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:

A

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Digestion and absorption of nutrients

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14
Q

_________ _____: GI tract. muscular tube that extends from the mouth to the anus

A

gastrointestinal tract

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15
Q

__________: refers to the extent to which the digestive tract absorbs a nutrient and how well the body uses it

A

Bioavailability

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16
Q

________ ________: breakdown of food by biting, tearing, and grinding into smaller chunks that are easier to swallow.

A

Mechanical digestion

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17
Q

________ _______: refers to the chemical breakdown of foods by substances secreted into the GI tract.

A

Chemical digestion

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18
Q

Saliva contains the enzymes _____ ______(starch digestion) and _____ ______(fat digestion)

A

Salivary amylase and Lingual Lipase

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19
Q

________ _____: have specialized cells that help you distinguish sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami taste

A

TASTE BUDS

20
Q

the ________ is a muscular tube that extends about 10 inches from the back of the mouth to the pharynx to the top of the stomach. FUNCTION: to transfer mass of swallowed food into the stomach.

A

Esophagus

21
Q

the voicebox

A

larynx

22
Q

the opening of the windpipe

A

trachea

23
Q

the ________ is a flap of tissue that prevents food from entering the larynx and trachea

A

epiglottis

24
Q

__________: waves of muscular activity that helps propel material through the digestive tract. INVOLUNTARY RESPONSE

A

peristalsis

25
Q

The ________ _______ is the section of esophagus that is next to the stomach. Constricts and closes

A

Gastroesophageal sphincter

26
Q

The organ secretes gastric juices, a watery solution that contains ___________ (HCL) and some enzymes. Helps convert chemically inactive digestive enzymes to their active norms and make proteins easier to digest

A

Hydrochloric acid

27
Q

Semisolid liquid

A

chyme

28
Q

Fluid that lubricates and protects certain cells

A

mucus

29
Q

The ______ _____ is a ring of muscular tissue at the base of the stomach, controls the rate at which chyme is released into the small intestine.

A

Pyloric sphincter

30
Q

The _____ _______ is where most nutrients are digested and absorbed

A

small intestine

31
Q

The small intestine has three sections:

A

duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

32
Q

A ________ is a hollow space in an organ or structure that is surrounded by walls such as the xxxx of the small and large intestines.

A

lumen

33
Q

Many of the major chemical reactions that occur during digestion are ________ because water molecules are necessary for the reactions to occur.

A

hydrolytic

34
Q

__________: involves regular contractions of ringlike intestinal muscles followed by muscular relaxations to mix chyme within a short portion of the small intestine.

A

Segmentation

35
Q

It takes about __ to ___ hours for chyme to move from the duodenum to the end of the ileum.

A

3 to 5

36
Q

The ______: processes and stores many nutrients and produces and secretes bile

A

Liver

37
Q

The ________” stores and concentrates bile from the liver and releases bile into the duodenum

A

gallbladder

38
Q

The _________: produces and secrete pancreatic juice Neutralizes the gastric juices.

A

Pancreas

39
Q

______; the lining of the small intestine is highly folded and covered by tiny, fingerlike projections

A

villi

40
Q

________ ____: each villus has an outer layer of epithelial cells. Completer digestions and remove nutrients from chyme and transfer them into intestinal blood lymph vessels.

A

absorptive cells

41
Q

_______ _______: delivers nutrients directly to the liver where many undergo processing before they enter the general circulation

A

portal vein

42
Q

Most of the absorbed lipids are coated with a layer that contains a protein forming a __________. TRANSPORTED BY LYMPH

A

Chylomicron

43
Q

Chylomicron move into a _______, a type of lymphatic syatem structure in each villus

A

lacteal

44
Q

The large intestines two major sections are

A

colon and rectum

45
Q

Most of its water is absorbed in the large intestines, as a result the residue becomes semisolid and its called

A

feces

46
Q

________ ________ can metabolized undigested food, make the vitamins K and biotin. which their human hosts can absorb and produce substances that colon cells can use for energy. Also produce GAS

A

intestinal bacteria

NUTRITION (12 decks)

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