ch8: hypersensitivity and immunodeficiency

Question 1

hypersensitivity

Answer 1

hyperactive/overactive immune system

Question 2

immunodeficiency

Answer 2

under-reactive immune system

Question 3

primary immunodeficiency

Answer 3

congenital, born with defect

Question 4

hypogammaglobulinemia

where is the defect

Answer 4

not making enough antibodies, defect in THYMUS –> ineffective maturation of T cells

Question 5

severe combined immunodeficiencies (SCIDS)

Answer 5

ALL lymphocytes affected by a dysfunction

–> reticular dysgenesis: don’t make ANY type of WBCs

Question 6

secondary (acquired) immunodeficiency

Answer 6

contracted AFTER birth

Question 7

examples of secondary immunodeficiency?

Answer 7

• nutritional
• iatrogenic
• trauma induced
• stress induced
• result of infectious disease

Question 8

nutritional immunodeficiency

Answer 8

ex. scurvy: vitamin c deficiency

Question 9

iatrogenic immunodeficiency

Answer 9

treatment for one disease → leads to immunodeficiency (chemotherapy, antimitotic drugs)

Question 10

trauma induced immunodeficiency

Answer 10

physical trauma is the cause of decreased immunity

ex. Getting severe burns = more susceptible to infection

Question 11

stress induced immunodeficiency

Answer 11

physical stress to the body (emotional trauma/eating disorders) more susceptible to infection

Question 12

result of infectious disease

Answer 12

ex: HIV (knocks out helper t cells, more prone to viral infections = since t cells work harder in viral infections) → AIDS
ex. epstein barr virus - infectious mononucleosis (goes for b cells → more prone to bacterial infection) → can lead to Strep

Question 13

what are some treatments of immunodeficiency

Answer 13

• IVIg: artificially acquired passive immunity; get antibodies from lab; can be given prophylactically (monoclonal antibodies)
• Stem cell and/or bone marrow grafts
• gene therapy (CRISPR)

Question 14

hypersensitivity

Answer 14

exaggerated response to injury (or to a foreign and/or bening substance)

Question 15

anaphylaxis

Answer 15

body releases a severe amount of histamine that causes systemic effects, severe drop in BP

Question 16

cutaneous anaphylaxis

Answer 16

rapid skin reaction/allergen, much less serious (hives, rash), can progress into systemic form…

Question 17

systemic anaphylaxis

Answer 17

systemic reaction involving multiple organ systems

Question 18

anaphylactic shock

Answer 18

over-vasodilation → decrease in blood pressure → severe drop in BP = SHOCK

Question 19

histamine is a _______ while epinephrine is a ______

Answer 19

vasodilator, vasoconstrictor

Question 20

allergy

Answer 20

something that isn’t harmful but for some reason the body interprets as a threat

Question 21

neoantigens

ex.?

Answer 21

foreign substances/allergens can combine with tissues …

- poison ivy –> antibody antigen complex deposit into tissue

Question 22

autoimmunity

Answer 22

own tissues are being attached by immune system

- clonal deletion didn’t happen properly

Question 23

alloimmunity

Answer 23

response to grafted tissue

Question 24

autograft

Answer 24

no alloimmune response; tissue grafted from one part of body to another party of your body

Question 25

isograft

Answer 25

no alloimmune response; graft for identical twin (genetically and immunologically identical)

Question 26

allograft

Answer 26

graft from another person of the same species

- possible secondary immunodeficiency

Question 27

xenograft

Answer 27

graft from different species

Question 28

what kind of tissue is easier for body to accept and why?

Answer 28

connective tissue – fewer cells = less likely to have alloimmune response

Question 29

acute rejection

Answer 29

graft rejected quickly

Question 30

chronic rejection

Answer 30

graft rejection after months, years

Question 31

hyperacute rejection

what nickname?

Answer 31

“white graft”

• really quick rejection within hours, white graft because tissue will look like it was bleached

Question 32

type i hypersensitivity

ex.?

Answer 32

IgE → mast cell degranulation → release of histamine

• urticaria
• desensitization

Question 33

urticaria

Answer 33

(wheel and flare reaction): hives → red rings with bumps

Question 34

atopic

Answer 34

genetic predisposition, genetically prone to have allergic reaction to something

Question 35

how does desensitization work?

Answer 35

(by repeated exposure OR allergy shots)

Blocking antibodies: usually IgG class (stick to allergen before it has time to cross link IgE and cause degranulation)

Question 36

type ii hypersensitivity

Answer 36

antibodies bind to tissue-specific antigens → trigger phagocytosis (macrophage go to eat)

ADCC (Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity) = NK cells gives the touch of death

Question 37

type iii hypersensitivity

Answer 37

Ab-Ag complexes deposit in certain tissues

“Serum sickness”: formation of large big complexes of Ab-Ag got stuck in certain tissues → body tries to go after it = damage to tissues

• neutrophils can’t break it down + lyse themselves
• arthus reaction, raynaud’s phenomenon

Question 38

arthus reaction

Answer 38

constant exposure, low grade, to a particular antigen

Question 39

raynaud’s phenomenon

what protein is associated with this

Answer 39

decreased blood flow to extremities due to a reaction → white fingertips

cryoglobulins: body in cold, lower temperatures → triggers cryoglobulins = these abnormal proteins may clump together at body temps below 98.6 F

Question 40

type iv hypersensitivity

Answer 40

STRICTLY T CELL MEDIATED, NO B CELLS (no antibodies)

Graft/tumor rejection, contact dermatitis, poison ivy, jewelry (nickel) etc

“Delayed type” → won’t react right away