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pathophysiology > ch30: alterations of renal and urinary tract > Flashcards

ch30: alterations of renal and urinary tract Flashcards

1
Q

what is ADH?

A

antidiuretic hormone

- helps to retain water

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2
Q

what can a patient exhibit if they have metabolic acidosis?

A

kussmaul’s respirations/hyperventilation

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3
Q

what are 2 causes of metabolic acidosis?

A
  1. proximal renal tubular acidosis

2. distal renal tubular acidosis

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4
Q

proximal renal tubular acidosis

A

contributes to metabolic acidosis with HCO3- (bicarbonate) loss = acidosis

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5
Q

distal renal acidosis

A

contributes to metabolic acidosis by decreased H+ secretion = acidosis

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6
Q

urinary stasis

A

urine not moving or being released

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7
Q

hydroureter

A

water obstructing the ureters (can be a kidney stone)

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8
Q

what is renal colic?

A

lower back (flank) pain associated with kidney problems

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9
Q

hydronephrosis and ureterhydronephrosis

A

water backing up –> starts to affect the kidney –> fluid build up in the kidney can lead to tubulointerstitial fibrosis

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10
Q

tubulointerstitial fibrosis

A

fluid back up into the kidneys can cause fibrosis and scarring (lots of fiber and collagen)
- can be irreversible and may lead to removal of kidney

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11
Q

t/f: there is a lower likelihood of a UTI when there is urine obstruction

A

false

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12
Q

low bladder wall compliance

A

bladder loses elasticity and can’t stretch as much

- loss of accommodation with a gradual pressure increase during filling

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13
Q

hematuria

A

blood in the urine

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14
Q

proteinuria

A

protein in the urine

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15
Q

____ levels can rise in proteinuria

A

nitrogen

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16
Q

compensatory hypertrophy

A

unaffected kidney tries to pick up the workload = over develop and thickening

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17
Q

postobstructive diuresis

A

when obstruction is resolved = sudden increase in urinary output

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18
Q

calculi

A

kidney/urinary stones

increased concentration of salts in urine

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19
Q

what is the “nidus” of calculi (what is the development of calculi?)

A

an agglomeration of calcium phosphate/oxalate crystals allow kidney stones to form around

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20
Q

idiopathic calcium urolithiasis (ICU)

A

when cause of kidney stones is idiopathic

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21
Q

what is used to treat kidney stones and describe its process?

A

lithotripsy: noninvasive procedure in which the stones are zapped with concentrated sound waves –> shatter crystal –> easier passing

22
Q

neurogenic bladder dysfunction

A

nervous system that innervates the bladder is impaired

- this is the common cause of urinary incontinence in older age

23
Q

urethral stricture

A

narrowing of the urethra

- can be bc of UTI or genetics

24
Q

overactive bladder syndrome (OAB)

A

largely idiopathic, very common

25
Q

pelvic organ prolapse

A

bladder protrusion into the vagina to the point where you can see it out of the vagina

26
Q

cystocele

A

when the wall between bladder and vagina weakens

27
Q

prostatitis

A

inflamed prostate –> impaired ability to void urine

28
Q

what are three types of tumors that can occur in the urinary tract?

A
  1. renal adenomas
  2. renal cell carcinoma
  3. bladder tumors
29
Q

renal adenomas

A

least common; almost always benign

adenoma = cancer that affects the glands of organs

30
Q

renal cell carcinoma (RCC)

A

more common; due to lifestyle, smoking, poor diet, alcohol

- can remove kidney if detected, prognosis depends on if you catch it in time

31
Q

why is it more common for women to get a UTI?

A

anus and urethra closer (perineum structure)

32
Q

uncomplicated UTI

A

does not go past urethra, responds better to treatment and does not come back

33
Q

complicated UTI

A

gets past urethra and spreads to other parts of the urinary system

34
Q

why is cystitis more common in women?

A

shorter urethra

35
Q

recurring UTI

A

treat, goes away, comes back

- higher chance of complicated UTI

36
Q

persistent UTI

A

treat, does not go away

- higher chance of complicated UTI

37
Q

pyelonephritis

A

UTI travels up to the ureters into the kidneys

38
Q

how to prevent UTI?

A

cranberry juice has EPICATECHIN: molecule that can cleanse the fimbriae and cillia and washes out the bacteria stuck

39
Q

what are some glomerular disorders?

A
  • glomerulonephritis
  • nephrotic syndrome
  • nephritic syndrome
  • diabetic neuropathy/glomerulopathy
40
Q

t/f: glomerular disorders are usually inflammatory disorders that lead to a decrease in GFR

A

true

41
Q

glomerulonephritis (GN)

  • -> acute glomerulonephritis
  • -> chronic glomerulonephritis
A

inflammation of the glomerulus, can be a sequelae left behind by another disease

  • -> acute: because of an infectious disease or hypersensitivity
  • -> chronic: more common in diabetics
42
Q

rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) is cased by _____ and _____

A

type III hypersensitivity (Ag-Ab complexes deposit in tissues)
and
group a strep (streptococcal capsules)

43
Q

nephrotic syndrome

A

physical damage to kidney that leads to an increase of protein in urine (>3.5g/day)

44
Q

nephritic syndrome

A

acute, infectious disease that leads to protein AND blood in urine with possible purulent exudate

hematuria + proteinuria + pus

45
Q

diabetic neuropathy/glomerulopathy

A

glomerulus begins to thicken and fibrose, lots of CARBS and SUGARS in the urine
–> can start seeing scarring in kidney = impaired kidney function

46
Q

renal insufficiency vs renal failure

A

insufficiency: around 25% of normal function
failure: significant loss of normal function and usually affects both kidneys

47
Q

end stage renal failure (ESRF)

A

kidney is functioning at or less than 10%

48
Q

what does ESRF usually present with?

A

uremia: urea + urine components in the bloodstream
azotemia: high levels of nitrogen in bloodstream bc of protein breakdown
oliguria: abnormally small amounts of urine
anuria: lack of urination
kussmaul’s respiration

49
Q

acute kidney injury/acute renal failure

  • -> prerenal arf?
  • -> intrarenal arf?
  • -> postrenal arf?
A

sudden decline in kidney function with decrease GFR and urine output

  • -> prerenal arf: most common; obstruction or physiological imbalances before the kidney itself
  • -> intrarenal arf: problem within the kidney
  • -> postrenal arf: most rare; obstructive uropathy occuring in the bladder or later
50
Q

chronic kidney disease/chronic renal failure

A

progressive loss of renal function associated with systemic diseases and declining GFR

pathophysiology (16 decks)

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