Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

pathophysiology > ch24: alterations of cardiovascular function > Flashcards

ch24: alterations of cardiovascular function Flashcards

1
Q

thrombus

A

stationary blood clot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

embolus

A

blood clot that is moving throughout circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

deep vein thrombosis

A

blood clot forms in a large vein, usually in a lower extremity, higher risk of getting this when immobile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

varicose vein

A

vein in which blood has pooled –> distended, torturous, and palpable veins when there is insufficient venous return

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

chronic venous insufficiency (CVI)

A

inadequate venous return over a long period, can be caused by varicose veins or deep vein thrombosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what 2 conditions can lead to chronic venous insufficiency?

A
  1. varicose veins

2. deep vein thrombosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

venous stasis ulcer

A

ulcer caused by venous insufficiency and stasis of venous blood; usually forms near the ankle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS)

A

superior vena cava becomes rigid and inflexible, can lead to venous distension in upper extremities and head (swelling in arms, face, neck also possible)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are some signs of superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS)?

A

swelling in arms, face, neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the purpose of anticoagulants?

A

prevent clot formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

hypertension

A

chronic increase in systemic arterial blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are some factors that can contribute to hypertension?

A
  1. stress
  2. obesity
  3. smoking
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

primary hypertension

A

denotes high blood pressure from an unidentified cause;(renal system can be involved but not the sole cause of this)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

systolic

A

pressure in arteries when left ventricle contracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

diastolic

A

when ventricles are diastole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

explain the pressure natriuresis relationship?

A

for a given blood pressure, individuals with hypertension tend to secrete less salt in urine (more retention of salt and water –> swelling and pressure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

secondary hypertension

A

renal system impairment leads to chronic increase in systemic arterial blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what do natriuretic hormones do?

A

promote urinary excretion of sodium and water and decreases BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are three types of hypertension?

A
  1. isolated systolic hypertension (ISH)
  2. complicated hypertension
  3. malignant hypertension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

isolated systolic hypertension (ISH)

and what is its main cause?

A

systolic BP greater or equal to 140 with a normal or low diastolic

main cause: aortic rigidity (lower aortic diameter = low flow, high pressure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

complicated hypertension

A

sustained primary hypertension: tissue damage occurs in blood vessels and tissues –> target organ damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

malignant hypertension

A

“hypertensive crisis”: rapidly progressive hypertension in which diastolic pressure is usually greater than 140mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

orthostatic hypotension (OH)

A

decrease in systolic BP of at least 20mmHg or a decrease in diastolic BP of at least 10mmHg within three minutes of moving to a standing position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

aneurysm

A

bulge in a blood vessel; localized dilation of out pouching of a vessel wall or cardiac chamber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are the 5 types of aneurysms?

A
  1. true
  2. false
  3. circumferential
  4. saccular
  5. dissecting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

true aneurysm

A

the enlargement of a vessel that involves all three layers of the wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

false aneurysm

A

can be endothelial wall damage or clot formation on the OUTSIDE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

circumferential aneurysm

A

aneurysm that bulges all around vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

saccular aneurysm

A

more common type of aneurysm that bulges only on one side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

dissecting saccular aneurysm

A

outer layer of vessel is bulging, but not the inside layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is buerger’s disease?(thromboangiitis obliterans)

A

inflammatory disease of the peripheral arteries; impedes peripheral circulation (usually in smokers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

vasospasm

A

sudden constriction of a blood vessel, reducing its diameter and flow rate –> can lead to gangrene (see a lot of this in diabetic patient)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

raynaud’s disease

A

attacks of vasospasm in the small arteries and arterioles of the fingers and, less commonly, the toes

34
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

hardening and thickening of vessel walls

35
Q

atherosclerosis

A

build up of plaque and blood vessels

36
Q

what is the difference between arteriosclerosis vs atherosclerosis?

A
37
Q

explain the steps towards the formation of atherosclerosis

A
38
Q

peripheral artery disease (PAD)

A

atherosclerotic disease of arteries that perfuse the limbs, especially lower extremities

39
Q

what makes the HDL:LDL ratio “bad”?

A

the lower the ratio of HDL to LDL –> worsening condition (meaning liver is processing a lot of fat and cholesterol)

40
Q

coronary artery disease (CAD)

A

arteries that supply the myocardium are obstructed (usually by atherosclerosis) –> chronic ischemia can lead to myocardial infarct

41
Q

what are some risk factors of coronary artery disease?

A
  1. smoking
  2. sodium intake
  3. diet
  4. lack of activity
  5. genetics
42
Q

dyslipidemia

A

abnormality in the concentration of lipids – can depend on genetics

43
Q

what do doctors objectively look for in the blood to determine if a heart attack has occurred?

A

CTnT: cardiotroponin t

- a molecule usually found in muscle cells

44
Q

angina

A

chest pain

45
Q

what is referred pain?

A

pain that is felt in a location other than where the pain originates

46
Q

stable angina (angina pectoris)

A

most common, pain gets worse as blood flow rate increases = PREDICTABLE

47
Q

prinzemetal angina

A

less common, chest pain NOT PREDICTABLE, more of a nervous system problem than tissue of the heart

48
Q

mental stress induced angina

A

stressful situations lead to a heart attack

49
Q

silent angina

A

person can have a heart attack without even knowing it –> find out through objective level sin blood

50
Q

acute coronary syndrome

A

sudden symptoms of insufficient blood supply to the heart indicating unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction (but NOT due to coronary heart disease)

51
Q

unstable angina

A

UNPREDICTABLE angina; similar to prinzmetal BUT we know it is usually because of an emboli

52
Q

what are the different parts of an EKG and what do they represent?

A
53
Q

what are some pericardial disorders?

A
  1. acute pericarditis

2. constrictive pericarditis

54
Q

acute pericarditis

A

develops rapidly; some outside cause; inflammation of the 2 layered sac that surrounds the heart

  • usually caused by infectious disease
  • may result in pericardial effusion
  • may lead to tamponade
55
Q

what groups of bacteria are usually responsible for acute pericarditis?

A

staphylococcus or streptococcus

56
Q

tamponade

A

compression of the heart –> decreased ability to flex –> limit ability to function properly

57
Q

constrictive pericarditis

A

chronic and slow development; NOT usually infectious disease
–> when visceral and parietal layers can fuse together –> COMPRESSION = limit ability of the heart to function properly

58
Q

what are 3 different types of cardiomyopathy?

A
  1. dilated cardiomyopathy
  2. hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
  3. constrictive cardiomyopathy
59
Q

dilated cardiomyopathy

A

the heart has globular shape and largest circumference of the left ventricle NOT at its base but midway between apex and base = distended

60
Q

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

overdeveloped, the wall of the left ventricle is greatly thickened (lumen inside space decreased)

61
Q

constrictive cardiomyopathy

A

normal size BUT myocardium gets rigid and inflexible; left atrium dilated because of reduced diastolic compliance

62
Q

valvular stenosis

A

(valve rigidity) valve orifice is constricted and narrowed, so blood cannot flow forward and the workload of the cardiac chamber next to diseased valve increases

63
Q

mitral valve prolapse syndrome (MVPS)

A

inverted fish mouth of the valves

- can lead to pulmonary edema due to backed up blood

64
Q

bicuspid aortic valve (BAV)

A

two leaflets in aortic valve instead of three

65
Q

what is infective endocarditis and how can you prevent it?

A

infection and inflammation of the endocardium (esp the cardiac valves)
- good oral hygiene to prevent!!!

66
Q

rheumatic heart disease (RHD)

A

massive inflammation of myocardium and endocardium due to group A strep

67
Q

dysrhythmia/arrythmia

A

abnormal heart rhythm

68
Q

heart failure

A

insufficiently pumping blood, heart unable to generate adequate cardiac output
- can lead to inadequate perfusion of tissues, increased diastolic filling pressure of left ventricle

69
Q

congestive (left) heart failure

A

most common; heart failure with reduced ejection fraction OR with preserved ejection fraction

70
Q

systolic heart failure (HFrEF)

A

heart failure with reduced ejection fraction

  • more common in MEN
  • inability of heart to generate adequate cardiac output to perfuse tissues
71
Q

diastolic heart failure (HFpEF)

A

heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

  • more common in WOMEN
  • pulmonary congestion despite normal stroke volume and cardiac output
72
Q

high output failure

A

blood is O2 or nutrient deficient

73
Q

shock

A

severe drop in BP

74
Q

what are 5 different types of shock?

A
  1. cardiogenic
  2. hypovolemic
  3. neurogenic/vasogenic
  4. anaphylactic
  5. septic
75
Q

multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)

A

failure of 2+ organ systems after severe illness and injury

76
Q

cardiogenic shock

A

type of shock: heart impaired and can’t send blood around the body; decreased cardiac output can lead to tissue hypoxia
- usually follows after MI

77
Q

hypovolemic shock

A

type of shock: low blood volume due to hemorrhaging/some sort of injury (can also be a loss of plasma/IF)

78
Q

neurogenic (vasogenic) shock

A

type of shock: nervous system problem innervating the heart; widespread/massive vasodilation that results from parasympathetic overstimulation

79
Q

anaphylactic shock

A

type of shock: widespread hypersensitivity, systemic vasodilation that leads to severe drop in BP

80
Q

septic shock

A

type of shock: starts with infection that –> bacteremia –> Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome with sepsis –> severe sepsis –> Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome

81
Q

right heart failure

A

inability of the right ventricle to provide adequate blood flow into the pulmonary circulation at a normal central venous pressure
- can RESULT from left heart failure

pathophysiology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions