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pathophysiology > ch24: alterations of cardiovascular function > Flashcards

ch24: alterations of cardiovascular function Flashcards

1
Q

thrombus

A

stationary blood clot

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2
Q

embolus

A

blood clot that is moving throughout circulation

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3
Q

deep vein thrombosis

A

blood clot forms in a large vein, usually in a lower extremity, higher risk of getting this when immobile

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4
Q

varicose vein

A

vein in which blood has pooled –> distended, torturous, and palpable veins when there is insufficient venous return

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5
Q

chronic venous insufficiency (CVI)

A

inadequate venous return over a long period, can be caused by varicose veins or deep vein thrombosis

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6
Q

what 2 conditions can lead to chronic venous insufficiency?

A
  1. varicose veins

2. deep vein thrombosis

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7
Q

venous stasis ulcer

A

ulcer caused by venous insufficiency and stasis of venous blood; usually forms near the ankle

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8
Q

superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS)

A

superior vena cava becomes rigid and inflexible, can lead to venous distension in upper extremities and head (swelling in arms, face, neck also possible)

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9
Q

what are some signs of superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS)?

A

swelling in arms, face, neck

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10
Q

what is the purpose of anticoagulants?

A

prevent clot formation

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11
Q

hypertension

A

chronic increase in systemic arterial blood pressure

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12
Q

what are some factors that can contribute to hypertension?

A
  1. stress
  2. obesity
  3. smoking
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13
Q

primary hypertension

A

denotes high blood pressure from an unidentified cause;(renal system can be involved but not the sole cause of this)

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14
Q

systolic

A

pressure in arteries when left ventricle contracts

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15
Q

diastolic

A

when ventricles are diastole

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16
Q

explain the pressure natriuresis relationship?

A

for a given blood pressure, individuals with hypertension tend to secrete less salt in urine (more retention of salt and water –> swelling and pressure)

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17
Q

secondary hypertension

A

renal system impairment leads to chronic increase in systemic arterial blood pressure

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18
Q

what do natriuretic hormones do?

A

promote urinary excretion of sodium and water and decreases BP

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19
Q

what are three types of hypertension?

A
  1. isolated systolic hypertension (ISH)
  2. complicated hypertension
  3. malignant hypertension
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20
Q

isolated systolic hypertension (ISH)

and what is its main cause?

A

systolic BP greater or equal to 140 with a normal or low diastolic

main cause: aortic rigidity (lower aortic diameter = low flow, high pressure)

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21
Q

complicated hypertension

A

sustained primary hypertension: tissue damage occurs in blood vessels and tissues –> target organ damage

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22
Q

malignant hypertension

A

“hypertensive crisis”: rapidly progressive hypertension in which diastolic pressure is usually greater than 140mmHg

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23
Q

orthostatic hypotension (OH)

A

decrease in systolic BP of at least 20mmHg or a decrease in diastolic BP of at least 10mmHg within three minutes of moving to a standing position

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24
Q

aneurysm

A

bulge in a blood vessel; localized dilation of out pouching of a vessel wall or cardiac chamber

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25
what are the 5 types of aneurysms?
1. true 2. false 3. circumferential 4. saccular 5. dissecting
26
true aneurysm
the enlargement of a vessel that involves all three layers of the wall
27
false aneurysm
can be endothelial wall damage or clot formation on the OUTSIDE
28
circumferential aneurysm
aneurysm that bulges all around vessel
29
saccular aneurysm
more common type of aneurysm that bulges only on one side
30
dissecting saccular aneurysm
outer layer of vessel is bulging, but not the inside layer
31
what is buerger's disease?(thromboangiitis obliterans)
inflammatory disease of the peripheral arteries; impedes peripheral circulation (usually in smokers)
32
vasospasm
sudden constriction of a blood vessel, reducing its diameter and flow rate --> can lead to gangrene (see a lot of this in diabetic patient)
33
raynaud's disease
attacks of vasospasm in the small arteries and arterioles of the fingers and, less commonly, the toes
34
arteriosclerosis
hardening and thickening of vessel walls
35
atherosclerosis
build up of plaque and blood vessels
36
what is the difference between arteriosclerosis vs atherosclerosis?
37
explain the steps towards the formation of atherosclerosis
38
peripheral artery disease (PAD)
atherosclerotic disease of arteries that perfuse the limbs, especially lower extremities
39
what makes the HDL:LDL ratio "bad"?
the lower the ratio of HDL to LDL --> worsening condition (meaning liver is processing a lot of fat and cholesterol)
40
coronary artery disease (CAD)
arteries that supply the myocardium are obstructed (usually by atherosclerosis) --> chronic ischemia can lead to myocardial infarct
41
what are some risk factors of coronary artery disease?
1. smoking 2. sodium intake 3. diet 4. lack of activity 5. genetics
42
dyslipidemia
abnormality in the concentration of lipids -- can depend on genetics
43
what do doctors objectively look for in the blood to determine if a heart attack has occurred?
CTnT: cardiotroponin t | - a molecule usually found in muscle cells
44
angina
chest pain
45
what is referred pain?
pain that is felt in a location other than where the pain originates
46
stable angina (angina pectoris)
most common, pain gets worse as blood flow rate increases = PREDICTABLE
47
prinzemetal angina
less common, chest pain NOT PREDICTABLE, more of a nervous system problem than tissue of the heart
48
mental stress induced angina
stressful situations lead to a heart attack
49
silent angina
person can have a heart attack without even knowing it --> find out through objective level sin blood
50
acute coronary syndrome
sudden symptoms of insufficient blood supply to the heart indicating unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction (but NOT due to coronary heart disease)
51
unstable angina
UNPREDICTABLE angina; similar to prinzmetal BUT we know it is usually because of an emboli
52
what are the different parts of an EKG and what do they represent?
53
what are some pericardial disorders?
1. acute pericarditis | 2. constrictive pericarditis
54
acute pericarditis
develops rapidly; some outside cause; inflammation of the 2 layered sac that surrounds the heart - usually caused by infectious disease - may result in pericardial effusion - may lead to tamponade
55
what groups of bacteria are usually responsible for acute pericarditis?
staphylococcus or streptococcus
56
tamponade
compression of the heart --> decreased ability to flex --> limit ability to function properly
57
constrictive pericarditis
chronic and slow development; NOT usually infectious disease --> when visceral and parietal layers can fuse together --> COMPRESSION = limit ability of the heart to function properly
58
what are 3 different types of cardiomyopathy?
1. dilated cardiomyopathy 2. hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 3. constrictive cardiomyopathy
59
dilated cardiomyopathy
the heart has globular shape and largest circumference of the left ventricle NOT at its base but midway between apex and base = distended
60
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
overdeveloped, the wall of the left ventricle is greatly thickened (lumen inside space decreased)
61
constrictive cardiomyopathy
normal size BUT myocardium gets rigid and inflexible; left atrium dilated because of reduced diastolic compliance
62
valvular stenosis
(valve rigidity) valve orifice is constricted and narrowed, so blood cannot flow forward and the workload of the cardiac chamber next to diseased valve increases
63
mitral valve prolapse syndrome (MVPS)
inverted fish mouth of the valves | - can lead to pulmonary edema due to backed up blood
64
bicuspid aortic valve (BAV)
two leaflets in aortic valve instead of three
65
what is infective endocarditis and how can you prevent it?
infection and inflammation of the endocardium (esp the cardiac valves) - good oral hygiene to prevent!!!
66
rheumatic heart disease (RHD)
massive inflammation of myocardium and endocardium due to group A strep
67
dysrhythmia/arrythmia
abnormal heart rhythm
68
heart failure
insufficiently pumping blood, heart unable to generate adequate cardiac output - can lead to inadequate perfusion of tissues, increased diastolic filling pressure of left ventricle
69
congestive (left) heart failure
most common; heart failure with reduced ejection fraction OR with preserved ejection fraction
70
systolic heart failure (HFrEF)
heart failure with reduced ejection fraction - more common in MEN - inability of heart to generate adequate cardiac output to perfuse tissues
71
diastolic heart failure (HFpEF)
heart failure with preserved ejection fraction - more common in WOMEN - pulmonary congestion despite normal stroke volume and cardiac output
72
high output failure
blood is O2 or nutrient deficient
73
shock
severe drop in BP
74
what are 5 different types of shock?
1. cardiogenic 2. hypovolemic 3. neurogenic/vasogenic 4. anaphylactic 5. septic
75
multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)
failure of 2+ organ systems after severe illness and injury
76
cardiogenic shock
type of shock: heart impaired and can't send blood around the body; decreased cardiac output can lead to tissue hypoxia - usually follows after MI
77
hypovolemic shock
type of shock: low blood volume due to hemorrhaging/some sort of injury (can also be a loss of plasma/IF)
78
neurogenic (vasogenic) shock
type of shock: nervous system problem innervating the heart; widespread/massive vasodilation that results from parasympathetic overstimulation
79
anaphylactic shock
type of shock: widespread hypersensitivity, systemic vasodilation that leads to severe drop in BP
80
septic shock
type of shock: starts with infection that --> bacteremia --> Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome with sepsis --> severe sepsis --> Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome
81
right heart failure
inability of the right ventricle to provide adequate blood flow into the pulmonary circulation at a normal central venous pressure - can RESULT from left heart failure

pathophysiology (16 decks)

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