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pathophysiology > ch33/34: alterations of the reproductive systems > Flashcards

ch33/34: alterations of the reproductive systems Flashcards

1
Q

characteristics of delayed puberty?

A

can differ with ethnicity, can resolve on its own (for the most part)

can be a hypothalamus-pituitary gonad issue

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2
Q

precocious puberty (pp)

A

early puberty

- can vary in gender and ethnicity, medical intervention not needed

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3
Q

complete pp

A

full development of secondary sex characteristics

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4
Q

incomplete pp

A

some secondary sex characteristics develop

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5
Q

isosexual pp

A

development of secondary sex characteristics that are consistent with gender

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6
Q

heterosexual (mixed) pp

- give an example

A

development of secondary sex characteristics NOT consistent with gender

ex. female might have hypersecretion of testosterone

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7
Q

what are some sex chromosome disorders?

A
  • turners syndrome
  • klinefelters syndrome
  • trisomy x
  • jacob’s syndrome
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8
Q

can you get pregnant with a sex chromosome disorder?

A

no - you can’t get pregnant by yourself, but can give birth

- issue with gamete production, but still anatomically able to give birth

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9
Q

turner’s syndrome

  • genotype
  • appearance
  • genetic fault
  • barr body?
A
  • XO (no second sex chromosome)
  • -> the ONLY monosomic disorder that human’s can tolerate
  • female anatomy bc lack of Y
  • missing X chromosome bc of mom
  • no barr bodies
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10
Q

klinefelter’s syndrome

  • genotype
  • appearance
  • genetic fault
  • barr body?
A
  • XXY (extra X because of nondisjunction)
  • gynecomastia in men, incomplete gonadal development, sterile
  • fault either mom OR dad
  • 1 barr body
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11
Q

trisomy x

  • genotype
  • appearance
  • genetic fault
  • barr body?
A
  • XXX (super female)
  • normal female appearance, does not realize she has it until she tries to get pregnant
  • fault at mom?
  • 2 barr bodies
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12
Q

jacob’s syndrome

  • genotype
  • appearance
  • genetic fault
  • barr body?
A
  • XYY (super male)
  • low IQ, aggressive, sterile
  • fault bc 2 Ys from dad
  • no barr bodies

can lead to intersex develpopment

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13
Q

t/f: the reason why an XX female develops as a female is because of the presence of X chromosome

A

false - it is bc of the lack of Y

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14
Q

androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

the ability of some women to have a Y chromosome; receptor cells are mutated so that androgen’s can’t bind = hormone resistance

–> still look female

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15
Q

partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS)

A

cells are somewhat responsive to androgens, but not fully

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16
Q

complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS)

A

cells completely don’t respond to androgens = develop as a female

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17
Q

what is an easy way to clinically check if a woman has androgen insensitivity syndrome?

A

take cells –> go under microscope –> NO BARR BODY (bc XY genotype)

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18
Q

dysmenorrhea

A

bad and painful period

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19
Q

primary dysmenorrhea

A

hormonal component leads to painful period

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20
Q

secondary dysmenorrhea

A

physical anatomical pelvic problem –> leads to painful menstruation

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21
Q

amenorrhea

A

lack of period

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22
Q

what age should condition be considered amenorrhea?

A

when a female reaches 13-15 years old and does not have menarche

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23
Q

primary amenorrhea

A

does not have period at all

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24
Q

secondary amenorrhea

A

happens after you already had your period, then lose it (PCOS)

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25
Q

abnormal/dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB)

A

bleeding of the uterus that can happen even without disease

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26
Q

polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)

A
  • no other hormones to counter increased androgen production
  • scant menstrual cycles
  • large ovaries
  • insulin resistance
  • benign
  • difficulty conceiving, usually overweight, extra hair growth
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27
Q

what are some premenstrual disorders and what stage of the cycle do they occur?

A 
premenstrual syndrome (PMS): physical hormonal component 
premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PDD): more psychological and emotional

part of the luteal phase of cycle

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28
Q

why do premenstrual disorders happen?

A

it is the result of dramatic changes in hormone concentrations

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29
Q

pelvic inflammatory disease

A

acute, generalized, inflammation of the female reproductive duct

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30
Q

what are some pelvic inflammatory diseases?

A
  • salpingitis
  • oophoritis
  • vaginosis/vaginitis
  • cervicitis
  • vulvitis
  • bartholinitis (bartholin cyst)
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31
Q

what are pelvic inflammatory diseases caused by?

A

STI or imbalance of vaginal flora

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32
Q

salpingitis

A

fallopian tube inflammation, can lead to scarring

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33
Q

what can scarred fallopian tubes lead to a higher risk of?

A

ectopic pregnancy (bc cilia cannot move egg to uterus)

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34
Q

oophoritis

A

inflammation of the ovaries

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35
Q

vaginosis and vaginitis

A

irritation/inflammation of the vagina

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36
Q

vaginosis vs vaginitis

A

vaginosis: irritation without WBCs in labs

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37
Q

cervicitis

A

cervix inflammation

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38
Q

vulvitis

A

inflammation of the labia majora and minora

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39
Q

bartholinitis (bartholin cyst)

A

inflammation of the bartholin glands (responsible for secreting fluid for intercourse)

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40
Q

what is the role of lactobacillus acidophilus?

A

keeps vaginal pH low and keeps candida in check to prevent yeast infection

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41
Q

vaginal prolapse

A

uterus can prolapse into vagina OR vagina itself protrudes out because of weakened cervix

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42
Q

pelvic relaxation disorders usually result in _____

A

stress incontinence

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43
Q

cystocele

A

bladder prolapse

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44
Q

urethrocele

A

urethral prolapse

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45
Q

rectocele

A

rectal prolapse

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46
Q

enterocele

A

intestines prolapse

47
Q

uterine prolapse

A

can accompany vaginal prolapse (uterus prolapse into vagina or further)

48
Q

what to use to treat prolapse/pelvic relaxation disorders?

A

pessary: mechanical device used to help keep structures in place

49
Q

what are some benign growths and proliferative conditions of the female repro system?

A
  • benign ovarian cysts
  • endometrial polyps
  • leiomyomas (uterine fibroids)
  • adenomyosis
  • endometriosis
50
Q

3 types of benign ovarian cysts?

A
  1. follicular cysts
  2. corpus luteum cysts
  3. dermoid cysts
51
Q

follicular cysts

A

cysts where follicle hasn’t ruptured yet, ovum still inside

52
Q

corpus luteum cysts

A

cysts where the follicle has ruptured, ovum released, cells in follicle keep proliferating

53
Q

dermoid cysts

A

may or may not involve the follicles at all, usually teratomas

teratoma: redifferentiated cells = tumor can grow hair, nails, teeth

54
Q

ovarian torsion

A

ovary becomes twisted (fallopian tubes and blood vessels) –> need to surgically untwist

55
Q

endometrial polyps

A

polyp in the inner lining of the uterus

- can be found and treated easily

56
Q

leiomyomas (uterine fibroids)

A

proliferative condition affecting the myometrium (muscular layer)
- can get large enough to where they push other tissues aside

57
Q

three different types of leiomyomas?

A
  1. intramural
  2. submucous
  3. subserous
58
Q

adenomyosis

A

endometrial tissue starts growing into myometrium

59
Q

endometriosis

A

little functioning islands of endometrium grow into peritoneal cavity + other places
- painful menstrual cycles

60
Q

what symptom is associated with endometriosis?

A

dyschezia (painful poops)

61
Q

what are some types of cancers of the female repro system?

A
  • cervical cancer
  • vaginal cancer
  • vulvar cancer
  • endometrial cancer
  • ovarian cancer
62
Q

cervical cancer

- if it originated in cervix, you can assume that…

A

cancer of the cervix

- if originated from cervix, can assume that pt has been exposed to HPV

63
Q

how to know if a pt has true cervical cancer?

A

when tumor is

  1. extravasating (branching out
  2. metastasizing (spreading in bloodstream through small pieces)
64
Q

what is the precancerous condition that precedes cervical cancer?

A

cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)

65
Q

vaginal cancer

A

usually rare; disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the vagina

66
Q

vulvular cancer

A

usually rare; type of cancer that occurs on the outer surface area of the female genitals

67
Q

endometrial cancer

- surgical treatment?

A

most common cancer; presents with obvious pain and has the ability to extend to other tissues

  • surgical treatment: hysterectomy
68
Q

ovarian cancer

A

not as common as cervical/endometrial; by the time you know there’s a problem, it’s already extravasated/metastasized

69
Q

what some disorders of the female reproductive system?

A
  • vaginismus
  • anorgasmia
  • dyspareunia
  • infertility
70
Q

vaginismus

A

muscles of the vagina spasm; won’t allow penetration to happen (if it does allow, will be very painful)

71
Q

anorgasmia

A

inability to have an orgasm/reach climax

72
Q

dyspareunia

A

painful intercourse

73
Q

infertility

- what can cause it?

A

inability to reproduce

- can be caused by PCOS, sex chromosome disorders, immuneprivilege dysfunction

74
Q

immunoprivilege and what it has to do with infertility?

A

reproductive system is normally immunoprivileged = means barrier to lymphatic tissue –> very hard for drugs and microbes to get past

if they do get past/own immune system attacks = VERY HARD TO TREAT

75
Q

after ______ of unprotected sex, a couple is deemed to be infertile

A

one year

76
Q

what are some disorders of the female breast?

A
  • galactorrhea
  • benign breast disease (BBD)
  • breast cancer
77
Q

galactorrhea

A

inappropriate lactation (can also happen in men)

78
Q

benign breast disease (BBD)

A

can present with fibrocystic changes or lipomas

79
Q

lipoma

A

fatty growths

80
Q

atypia and its relation to benign breast disease

A

BBD may be with or without atypia; when biopsy shows that cells have beginnings of dysplasia

81
Q

breast cancer (what are some factors)

A
  • genetic mutations

- lifestyle (smoking, diet, dramatic hormonal imbalances)

82
Q

what are some male urethral disorders?

A
  • urethritis

- urethral stricture

83
Q

urethritis

A

inflammation of the urethra

  • usually due to STDs
  • can present with dysuria
84
Q

what two STDs are mostly responsible for urethritis?

A

gonorrhea and chlamydia

85
Q

urethral stricture

- it is a suspect of _____

A

constriction of the diameter of the urethra (can be with or without urethritis)
- suspect of male infertility

86
Q

what are some penile disorders?

A
  • phimosis
  • paraphimosis
  • peyronie disease
  • priapism
  • balanoposthitis
  • condyloma acuminatum
  • penile cancer
87
Q

what penile disorders can arise when the patient is uncircumcised?

A

phimosis and paraphimosis

88
Q

phimosis

A

foreskin can’t retract (head of penis looks pointed)

89
Q

paraphimosis

A

foreskin is able to retract but can’t return after retraction

90
Q

peyronie disease

A

“bent nail disease”

penis bends to one side –> issue with blood flow –> penis bends toward side with obstruction of blood flow

91
Q

priapism

A

erection that lasts for a long period of time (needs quick medical intervention)

92
Q

what can cause priapism?

A
  • erectile dysfunction drugs

- nitric oxide

93
Q

balanoposthitis

A

balantitis (inflammation of the head of the penis) + posthitis (inflammation of the shaft)

94
Q

condyloma acuminatum

A

wart like growths that grow due to exposure to HPV

95
Q

penile cancer

- more often with men exposed to _____

A

more often with men exposed to HPV

96
Q

what are some scrotum/testis/epididymis disorders?

A
  • varicocele
  • hydrocele
  • spermatocele
  • cyrptorchidism
  • testicular torsion
  • orchitis
  • testicular cancer
  • epididymitis
  • infertility
97
Q

varicocele

A

persistent dilation of blood vessels

“bag of worms”

98
Q

hydrocele

A

layers surrounding testicles can fill up with water or lymph

99
Q

spermatocele

A

ductwork that brings sperm out of testes become dilated and distended = hypofunctional

100
Q

cryptorchidism (ectopic testis)

A

testes don’t descend into scrotum during development (can affect one or both)

ectopic testis: migration of testis somewhere else –> might have to surgically pull down if not descended during puberty

101
Q

testicular torsion

A

when a testicle rotates, twisting the spermatic cord that brings blood to the scrotum

102
Q

orchitis

A

inflammation of the testes

103
Q

testicular cancer

A

nontender lump on the testes, usually painless

104
Q

why is testicular cancer easier to catch than female repro cancers?

A

men have more external genitalia

105
Q

epididymitis

A

inflammation of the epididymis

106
Q

male infertility

A

scarring of network bringing sperm out, infectious disease, sperm cells are morphologically dysfunctional

107
Q

what are some prostate disorders?

A
  • benign prostate hyperplasia
  • prostatitis
  • prostate cancer
108
Q

benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

A

enlargement of the prostate that leads to reduced urethral lumen = bladder outflow obstruction

109
Q

what to test for to see if there is BPH?

A

PSA: prostate specific antigen

- levels of these = hyperplasia of the prostate

110
Q

prostatitis

A

infectious disease mostly from STD –> inflammation of the prostate
bacterial and nonbacterial

111
Q

prostate cancer

A

most common cancer in male in the US

112
Q

gynecomastia

A

abnormal breast development in men, has a link to breast cancer

113
Q

what conditions may lead to gynecomastia?

A
  1. klinefelters syndrome

2. liver dysfunction (bc enzyme in liver converts testosterone –> estrogen)

114
Q

what enzyme converts testosterone to estrogen and can result in the development of gynecomastia?

A

aromatase

pathophysiology (16 decks)

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