ch33/34: alterations of the reproductive systems Flashcards
1
Q
characteristics of delayed puberty?
A
can differ with ethnicity, can resolve on its own (for the most part)
can be a hypothalamus-pituitary gonad issue
2
Q
precocious puberty (pp)
A
early puberty
- can vary in gender and ethnicity, medical intervention not needed
3
Q
complete pp
A
full development of secondary sex characteristics
4
Q
incomplete pp
A
some secondary sex characteristics develop
5
Q
isosexual pp
A
development of secondary sex characteristics that are consistent with gender
6
Q
heterosexual (mixed) pp
- give an example
A
development of secondary sex characteristics NOT consistent with gender
ex. female might have hypersecretion of testosterone
7
Q
what are some sex chromosome disorders?
A
- turners syndrome
- klinefelters syndrome
- trisomy x
- jacob’s syndrome
8
Q
can you get pregnant with a sex chromosome disorder?
A
no - you can’t get pregnant by yourself, but can give birth
- issue with gamete production, but still anatomically able to give birth
9
Q
turner’s syndrome
- genotype
- appearance
- genetic fault
- barr body?
A
- XO (no second sex chromosome)
- -> the ONLY monosomic disorder that human’s can tolerate
- female anatomy bc lack of Y
- missing X chromosome bc of mom
- no barr bodies
10
Q
klinefelter’s syndrome
- genotype
- appearance
- genetic fault
- barr body?
A
- XXY (extra X because of nondisjunction)
- gynecomastia in men, incomplete gonadal development, sterile
- fault either mom OR dad
- 1 barr body
11
Q
trisomy x
- genotype
- appearance
- genetic fault
- barr body?
A
- XXX (super female)
- normal female appearance, does not realize she has it until she tries to get pregnant
- fault at mom?
- 2 barr bodies
12
Q
jacob’s syndrome
- genotype
- appearance
- genetic fault
- barr body?
A
- XYY (super male)
- low IQ, aggressive, sterile
- fault bc 2 Ys from dad
- no barr bodies
can lead to intersex develpopment
13
Q
t/f: the reason why an XX female develops as a female is because of the presence of X chromosome
A
false - it is bc of the lack of Y
14
Q
androgen insensitivity syndrome
A
the ability of some women to have a Y chromosome; receptor cells are mutated so that androgen’s can’t bind = hormone resistance
–> still look female
15
Q
partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS)
A
cells are somewhat responsive to androgens, but not fully
16
Q
complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS)
A
cells completely don’t respond to androgens = develop as a female
17
Q
what is an easy way to clinically check if a woman has androgen insensitivity syndrome?
A
take cells –> go under microscope –> NO BARR BODY (bc XY genotype)
18
Q
dysmenorrhea
A
bad and painful period
19
Q
primary dysmenorrhea
A
hormonal component leads to painful period
20
Q
secondary dysmenorrhea
A
physical anatomical pelvic problem –> leads to painful menstruation
21
Q
amenorrhea
A
lack of period
22
Q
what age should condition be considered amenorrhea?
A
when a female reaches 13-15 years old and does not have menarche
23
Q
primary amenorrhea
A
does not have period at all
24
Q
secondary amenorrhea
A
happens after you already had your period, then lose it (PCOS)
25
abnormal/dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB)
bleeding of the uterus that can happen even without disease
26
polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)
- no other hormones to counter increased androgen production
- scant menstrual cycles
- large ovaries
- insulin resistance
- benign
- difficulty conceiving, usually overweight, extra hair growth
27
what are some premenstrual disorders and what stage of the cycle do they occur?
```
premenstrual syndrome (PMS): physical hormonal component
premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PDD): more psychological and emotional
```
part of the luteal phase of cycle
28
why do premenstrual disorders happen?
it is the result of dramatic changes in hormone concentrations
29
pelvic inflammatory disease
acute, generalized, inflammation of the female reproductive duct
30
what are some pelvic inflammatory diseases?
- salpingitis
- oophoritis
- vaginosis/vaginitis
- cervicitis
- vulvitis
- bartholinitis (bartholin cyst)
31
what are pelvic inflammatory diseases caused by?
STI or imbalance of vaginal flora
32
salpingitis
fallopian tube inflammation, can lead to scarring
33
what can scarred fallopian tubes lead to a higher risk of?
ectopic pregnancy (bc cilia cannot move egg to uterus)
34
oophoritis
inflammation of the ovaries
35
vaginosis and vaginitis
irritation/inflammation of the vagina
36
vaginosis vs vaginitis
vaginosis: irritation without WBCs in labs
37
cervicitis
cervix inflammation
38
vulvitis
inflammation of the labia majora and minora
39
bartholinitis (bartholin cyst)
inflammation of the bartholin glands (responsible for secreting fluid for intercourse)
40
what is the role of lactobacillus acidophilus?
keeps vaginal pH low and keeps candida in check to prevent yeast infection
41
vaginal prolapse
uterus can prolapse into vagina OR vagina itself protrudes out because of weakened cervix
42
pelvic relaxation disorders usually result in _____
stress incontinence
43
cystocele
bladder prolapse
44
urethrocele
urethral prolapse
45
rectocele
rectal prolapse
46
enterocele
intestines prolapse
47
uterine prolapse
can accompany vaginal prolapse (uterus prolapse into vagina or further)
48
what to use to treat prolapse/pelvic relaxation disorders?
pessary: mechanical device used to help keep structures in place
49
what are some benign growths and proliferative conditions of the female repro system?
- benign ovarian cysts
- endometrial polyps
- leiomyomas (uterine fibroids)
- adenomyosis
- endometriosis
50
3 types of benign ovarian cysts?
1. follicular cysts
2. corpus luteum cysts
3. dermoid cysts
51
follicular cysts
cysts where follicle hasn't ruptured yet, ovum still inside
52
corpus luteum cysts
cysts where the follicle has ruptured, ovum released, cells in follicle keep proliferating
53
dermoid cysts
may or may not involve the follicles at all, usually teratomas
teratoma: redifferentiated cells = tumor can grow hair, nails, teeth
54
ovarian torsion
ovary becomes twisted (fallopian tubes and blood vessels) --> need to surgically untwist
55
endometrial polyps
polyp in the inner lining of the uterus
| - can be found and treated easily
56
leiomyomas (uterine fibroids)
proliferative condition affecting the myometrium (muscular layer)
- can get large enough to where they push other tissues aside
57
three different types of leiomyomas?
1. intramural
2. submucous
3. subserous
58
adenomyosis
endometrial tissue starts growing into myometrium
59
endometriosis
little functioning islands of endometrium grow into peritoneal cavity + other places
- painful menstrual cycles
60
what symptom is associated with endometriosis?
dyschezia (painful poops)
61
what are some types of cancers of the female repro system?
- cervical cancer
- vaginal cancer
- vulvar cancer
- endometrial cancer
- ovarian cancer
62
cervical cancer
| - if it originated in cervix, you can assume that...
cancer of the cervix
| - if originated from cervix, can assume that pt has been exposed to HPV
63
how to know if a pt has true cervical cancer?
when tumor is
1. extravasating (branching out
2. metastasizing (spreading in bloodstream through small pieces)
64
what is the precancerous condition that precedes cervical cancer?
cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)
65
vaginal cancer
usually rare; disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the vagina
66
vulvular cancer
usually rare; type of cancer that occurs on the outer surface area of the female genitals
67
endometrial cancer
| - surgical treatment?
most common cancer; presents with obvious pain and has the ability to extend to other tissues
- surgical treatment: hysterectomy
68
ovarian cancer
not as common as cervical/endometrial; by the time you know there's a problem, it's already extravasated/metastasized
69
what some disorders of the female reproductive system?
- vaginismus
- anorgasmia
- dyspareunia
- infertility
70
vaginismus
muscles of the vagina spasm; won't allow penetration to happen (if it does allow, will be very painful)
71
anorgasmia
inability to have an orgasm/reach climax
72
dyspareunia
painful intercourse
73
infertility
| - what can cause it?
inability to reproduce
| - can be caused by PCOS, sex chromosome disorders, immuneprivilege dysfunction
74
immunoprivilege and what it has to do with infertility?
reproductive system is normally immunoprivileged = means barrier to lymphatic tissue --> very hard for drugs and microbes to get past
if they do get past/own immune system attacks = VERY HARD TO TREAT
75
after ______ of unprotected sex, a couple is deemed to be infertile
one year
76
what are some disorders of the female breast?
- galactorrhea
- benign breast disease (BBD)
- breast cancer
77
galactorrhea
inappropriate lactation (can also happen in men)
78
benign breast disease (BBD)
can present with fibrocystic changes or lipomas
79
lipoma
fatty growths
80
atypia and its relation to benign breast disease
BBD may be with or without atypia; when biopsy shows that cells have beginnings of dysplasia
81
breast cancer (what are some factors)
- genetic mutations
| - lifestyle (smoking, diet, dramatic hormonal imbalances)
82
what are some male urethral disorders?
- urethritis
| - urethral stricture
83
urethritis
inflammation of the urethra
- usually due to STDs
- can present with dysuria
84
what two STDs are mostly responsible for urethritis?
gonorrhea and chlamydia
85
urethral stricture
| - it is a suspect of _____
constriction of the diameter of the urethra (can be with or without urethritis)
- suspect of male infertility
86
what are some penile disorders?
- phimosis
- paraphimosis
- peyronie disease
- priapism
- balanoposthitis
- condyloma acuminatum
- penile cancer
87
what penile disorders can arise when the patient is uncircumcised?
phimosis and paraphimosis
88
phimosis
foreskin can't retract (head of penis looks pointed)
89
paraphimosis
foreskin is able to retract but can't return after retraction
90
peyronie disease
"bent nail disease"
| penis bends to one side --> issue with blood flow --> penis bends toward side with obstruction of blood flow
91
priapism
erection that lasts for a long period of time (needs quick medical intervention)
92
what can cause priapism?
- erectile dysfunction drugs
| - nitric oxide
93
balanoposthitis
balantitis (inflammation of the head of the penis) + posthitis (inflammation of the shaft)
94
condyloma acuminatum
wart like growths that grow due to exposure to HPV
95
penile cancer
| - more often with men exposed to _____
more often with men exposed to HPV
96
what are some scrotum/testis/epididymis disorders?
- varicocele
- hydrocele
- spermatocele
- cyrptorchidism
- testicular torsion
- orchitis
- testicular cancer
- epididymitis
- infertility
97
varicocele
persistent dilation of blood vessels
| "bag of worms"
98
hydrocele
layers surrounding testicles can fill up with water or lymph
99
spermatocele
ductwork that brings sperm out of testes become dilated and distended = hypofunctional
100
cryptorchidism (ectopic testis)
testes don't descend into scrotum during development (can affect one or both)
ectopic testis: migration of testis somewhere else --> might have to surgically pull down if not descended during puberty
101
testicular torsion
when a testicle rotates, twisting the spermatic cord that brings blood to the scrotum
102
orchitis
inflammation of the testes
103
testicular cancer
nontender lump on the testes, usually painless
104
why is testicular cancer easier to catch than female repro cancers?
men have more external genitalia
105
epididymitis
inflammation of the epididymis
106
male infertility
scarring of network bringing sperm out, infectious disease, sperm cells are morphologically dysfunctional
107
what are some prostate disorders?
- benign prostate hyperplasia
- prostatitis
- prostate cancer
108
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
enlargement of the prostate that leads to reduced urethral lumen = bladder outflow obstruction
109
what to test for to see if there is BPH?
PSA: prostate specific antigen
| - levels of these = hyperplasia of the prostate
110
prostatitis
infectious disease mostly from STD --> inflammation of the prostate
bacterial and nonbacterial
111
prostate cancer
most common cancer in male in the US
112
gynecomastia
abnormal breast development in men, has a link to breast cancer
113
what conditions may lead to gynecomastia?
1. klinefelters syndrome
| 2. liver dysfunction (bc enzyme in liver converts testosterone --> estrogen)
114
what enzyme converts testosterone to estrogen and can result in the development of gynecomastia?
aromatase
