ch6: inflammation and wound healing

Question 1

describe the first line of defense

ex.?

Answer 1

• nonspecific
• not subject to activation/deactivation (always there)
• ex: stomach acid, normal flora, skin

Question 2

describe the second line of defense

ex.?

Answer 2

• non specific
• activated as needed
• ex. inflammation, fever, interferon, complement proteins, NK cells

Question 3

benefit of activating complement in cascade?

Answer 3

easier for body to respond/quicker to respond when already made ahead of time = faster response

Question 4

third line of defense

Answer 4

• specific immunity

- ex: B and T cells

Question 5

inflammation

Answer 5

nonspecific, localized response injury

Question 6

what are the clinical manifestations of inflammation (5)

Answer 6

1. redness (erythema)
2. swelling (edema)
3. heat
4. pain
5. loss of function (temporary suspension)

Question 7

chronically inflamed tissue leads to _______

Answer 7

high risk of cancer/dysplasia

Question 8

what are the 4 types of exudate?

Answer 8

• serous: clear, watery
• fibrinous: protein infiltrated, cloudy, thicker
• purulent exudate: pus
• hemorrhagic: blood –> could be a sign of more extensive tissue damage

Question 9

granuloma

ex.?

Answer 9

body trying to contain pathogen causing inflammation but can’t get rid of it, will build shell around it so that it can’t threaten rest of body (infectious disease)

ex: TB, histoplasmosis

Question 10

what chemicals are released after histamine and what do they do?

Answer 10

prostaglandins: also responsible for pain signals; regulate/maintain inflammation
leukotrienes: regulate/maintain inflammation

Question 11

complement system

Answer 11

cascade to promote inflammation → leads to MACs and neutrophil migration

Question 12

kinin system

Answer 12

also a cascade; interacts closely with clotting system → leads to pain stimulation of nerve endings

Question 13

clotting system

Answer 13

group of plasma proteins that, when activated sequentially, form blood clot → leads to blood clot, neutrophil migration, chemotactic factors, and increased permeability

Question 14

what are the main phases of inflammatory response?

Answer 14

1. vasodilation
2. phagocyte migration/phagocytosis
3. repair of damaged tissues

Question 15

describe vasodilation

Answer 15

increase in diameter = increase in tissue permeability

• triggered by histamine
• influx of exudate
• heat bc of increased blood flow

Question 16

describe phagocyte migration/phagocytosis

Answer 16

• chemotaxis: stimulates and attracts
• margination (aka pavementing): sticking to vessel in an area of inflammation
• diapedesis: go in between cells that make up the vessels and inflamed tissue to get to wherever the chemotactic factor concentration is the highest

Question 17

describe the repair of damaged tissues

Answer 17

• regeneration vs repair
• reconstructive vs maturation
• primary vs secondary

Question 18

regeneration

Answer 18

damage was not that extensive, tissue can still be resolved to structural and functional norm

Question 19

repair

Answer 19

extensive damage can cause scarring, body just trying to stop bleeding = won’t look or behave the way it did before

Question 20

reconstructive

Answer 20

“scaffolding” for new cells to come in, remodeling the tissue to some sort of activity

Question 21

maturation

Answer 21

collagen synthesis is ongoing in order to strengthen the tissue; scar tissue can gain about ⅔ of eventual maximal strength, can be the longest phase (duration)

Question 22

primary intention

Answer 22

less serious, more likely to be regenerated → healing in conditions of less tissue loss

Question 23

secondary intention

Answer 23

more serious, more likely to see scar tissue (wound contraction → contracture) → attempting to heal in conditions of more tissue loss

Question 24

hypovolemia

Answer 24

decreased blood pressure

Question 25

______ secretes collagen

Answer 25

fibroblasts

Question 26

hypertrophic scarring

Answer 26

where wound is healed, tissue can get overdeveloped; can be raised but remains within original boundaries of wound

Question 27

keloid scar formation

Answer 27

severe overdevelopment of connective tissue scar where it protrudes beyond original boundaries of the would

Question 28

genetic collagen synthesis defects

Answer 28

inability to produce certain types of collagen that can lead to bone problems

Question 29

dehiscence

Answer 29

“reopening” of structured wounds, something in underlying tissue that needs to be addressed

Question 30

wound contracture

Answer 30

excessive contraction