ch6: inflammation and wound healing Flashcards
describe the first line of defense
ex.?
- nonspecific
- not subject to activation/deactivation (always there)
- ex: stomach acid, normal flora, skin
describe the second line of defense
ex.?
- non specific
- activated as needed
- ex. inflammation, fever, interferon, complement proteins, NK cells
benefit of activating complement in cascade?
easier for body to respond/quicker to respond when already made ahead of time = faster response
third line of defense
- specific immunity
- ex: B and T cells
inflammation
nonspecific, localized response injury
what are the clinical manifestations of inflammation (5)
- redness (erythema)
- swelling (edema)
- heat
- pain
- loss of function (temporary suspension)
chronically inflamed tissue leads to _______
high risk of cancer/dysplasia
what are the 4 types of exudate?
- serous: clear, watery
- fibrinous: protein infiltrated, cloudy, thicker
- purulent exudate: pus
- hemorrhagic: blood –> could be a sign of more extensive tissue damage
granuloma
ex.?
body trying to contain pathogen causing inflammation but can’t get rid of it, will build shell around it so that it can’t threaten rest of body (infectious disease)
ex: TB, histoplasmosis
what chemicals are released after histamine and what do they do?
prostaglandins: also responsible for pain signals; regulate/maintain inflammation
leukotrienes: regulate/maintain inflammation
complement system
cascade to promote inflammation → leads to MACs and neutrophil migration
kinin system
also a cascade; interacts closely with clotting system → leads to pain stimulation of nerve endings
clotting system
group of plasma proteins that, when activated sequentially, form blood clot → leads to blood clot, neutrophil migration, chemotactic factors, and increased permeability
what are the main phases of inflammatory response?
- vasodilation
- phagocyte migration/phagocytosis
- repair of damaged tissues
describe vasodilation
increase in diameter = increase in tissue permeability
- triggered by histamine
- influx of exudate
- heat bc of increased blood flow
describe phagocyte migration/phagocytosis
- chemotaxis: stimulates and attracts
- margination (aka pavementing): sticking to vessel in an area of inflammation
- diapedesis: go in between cells that make up the vessels and inflamed tissue to get to wherever the chemotactic factor concentration is the highest
describe the repair of damaged tissues
- regeneration vs repair
- reconstructive vs maturation
- primary vs secondary
regeneration
damage was not that extensive, tissue can still be resolved to structural and functional norm
repair
extensive damage can cause scarring, body just trying to stop bleeding = won’t look or behave the way it did before
reconstructive
“scaffolding” for new cells to come in, remodeling the tissue to some sort of activity
maturation
collagen synthesis is ongoing in order to strengthen the tissue; scar tissue can gain about ⅔ of eventual maximal strength, can be the longest phase (duration)
primary intention
less serious, more likely to be regenerated → healing in conditions of less tissue loss
secondary intention
more serious, more likely to see scar tissue (wound contraction → contracture) → attempting to heal in conditions of more tissue loss
hypovolemia
decreased blood pressure
______ secretes collagen
fibroblasts
hypertrophic scarring
where wound is healed, tissue can get overdeveloped; can be raised but remains within original boundaries of wound
keloid scar formation
severe overdevelopment of connective tissue scar where it protrudes beyond original boundaries of the would
genetic collagen synthesis defects
inability to produce certain types of collagen that can lead to bone problems
dehiscence
“reopening” of structured wounds, something in underlying tissue that needs to be addressed
wound contracture
excessive contraction
