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pathophysiology > ch36: alterations of GI functioning > Flashcards

ch36: alterations of GI functioning Flashcards

1
Q

what is anorexia?

A

body is undernourished

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2
Q

what is cachexia?

A

weakness and wasting of body due to severe chronic illness

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3
Q

what is vomiting?

A

productive release of stomach contents

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4
Q

what is retching?

A

nonproductive attempt to release stomach contents

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5
Q

what is diarrhea?

A

can’t stop releasing feces

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6
Q

what is small volume diarrhea?

A

type of diarrhea; due to metabolic, chronic disorders

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7
Q

what is large volume diarrhea?

A

type of diarrhea due to acute, identified obvious cause

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8
Q

what is osmotic diarrhea?

A

type of diarrhea; some sort of ion imbalance outside intestinal walls

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9
Q

what is secretory diarrhea

A

type of diarrhea; cellular level impairment (usually associated with small volume diarrhea)

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10
Q

what are the two types of abdominal pain?

A
  1. mechanical abdominal pain

2. ischemic abdominal pain

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11
Q

what is hematochezia?

A

bloody stool

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12
Q

types of GI bleeding?

A
  1. lower GI bleeding
  2. upper GI bleeding
  3. occult bleeding
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13
Q

mechanical abdominal pain?

A

inflammatory –> usually associated with crohn’s, IBS, ulcerative colitis

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14
Q

ischemic abdominal pain

A

interruption of blood flow to the abdomen –> pain

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15
Q

why does blood turn black when in the system for longer?

A

intestinal flora love the iron in blood –> blood becomes black

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16
Q

steatorrhea (what is it a sign of?)

A

fat in stool

could be a sign of liver damage

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17
Q

magnesium citrate

A

drink before a colonoscopy, brings water into the intestine

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18
Q

dysphagia

A

difficulty swallowing

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19
Q

achalasia

A

impaired esophageal peristalsis

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20
Q

gastroesophageal reflux (GERD)

A

stomach acid starts working its way up to esophagus

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21
Q

reflux esophagitis

A

chronic inflammation of esophagus because of GERD

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22
Q

what causes stomach acid to work its way up to the esophagus?

A

lower esophageal sphincter impairment

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23
Q

hiatal hernia (HH)

A

protrusion of an organ into another structure due to weakening

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24
Q

what are two types of hiatal hernia?

A
  1. sliding hiatal hernia

2. paraesophageal hiatal hernia

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25
Q

sliding hiatal hernia

A

stomach slides or moves into the thoracic cavity through the esophageal hiatus

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26
Q

paraesophageal hiatal hernia

A

the esophagus stays where it is and a portion of the stomach pushes up beside the esophagus

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27
Q

gastroparesis

A

impairment of stomach contents going into the duodenum of small intestine; affects the normal spontaneous movement of muscles in stomach

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28
Q

what are two types of GI obstruction?

A
  1. pyloric obstruction

2. intestinal obstruction

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29
Q

pyloric obstruction

A

narrowing/blocking of the opening between the stomach + duodenum

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30
Q

what are two types of intestinal obstruction?

A
  1. simple obstruction

2. functional obstruction

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31
Q

intestinal obstruction

A

caused by any condition that prevents normal flow of chyme through the intestinal lumen

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32
Q

simple obstruction

A

mechanical blockage of lumen by lesion or feces (most common)

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33
Q

functional obstruction

A

something impaired the ability of smooth muscle to move through intestine; failure of motility

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34
Q

gastritis

A

inflammation of the lining of the stomach.

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35
Q

acute gastritis

A
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36
Q

chronic gastritis

A
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37
Q

peptic ulcer disease

A

often caused by helicobacter pylori

  • can be acute or chronic
  • NSAIDs can also cause (prostaglandin inhibitors keep prostaglandins from maintaining the mucosal lining)
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38
Q

duodenal ulcers

A

ulcers in or near the duodenum

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39
Q

gastric ulcers

A

ulcers that affect the stomach itself; open sores that develop on the lining of the stomach

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40
Q

stress ulcers

A

ulcers that can be indirectly caused by shock, sepsis, and trauma

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41
Q

what are three types of stress ulcers?

A
  1. ischemic ulcers
  2. curling ulcers
  3. cushing ulcers
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42
Q

ischemic ulcers

A

ulceration happens because of interruption of blood flow to the stomach

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43
Q

curling ulcers

A

ulcerations after burn injuries (what degree of burns usually typically applies to this)

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44
Q

cushing ulcers

A

ulcerations caused by head or brain trauma –> interruption of impulses of nervous system innervates the stomach

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45
Q

gastrectomy

A

partial removal of stomach

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46
Q

maldigestion disease

A

impaired ability to break down food eaten for nutrition

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47
Q

malabsorption disease

A

impaired ability to absorb nutrients from food eaten

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48
Q

where is vitamin B12 mostly absorbed in the body?

A

in the stomach to aid in production of RBCs

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49
Q

what is the purpose of the pancreas and what happens with pancreatic insufficiency?

A

pancreas releases pancreatic juice into duodenum to neutralize pH of the chyme
- insufficiency: can’t neutralize chyme

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50
Q

what happens when a patient has lactase deficiency what what occurs?

A

lactose intolerance (abdominal intestinal pain → lactose accumulation → intestinal flora tries to break it down → makes different byproduct → GASSY)

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51
Q

bile salt deficiency

A

can lead to steatorrhea

- bile helps with fat breakdown and digestive problems post stomach

52
Q

what are some inflammatory bowel diseases?

A
  1. appendicitis
  2. ulcerative colitis/crohn’s disease
  3. IBS
  4. diverticular disease
53
Q

appendicitis

A

inflammation of the appendix

54
Q

what is a possible function of the appendix?

A

repopulate normal flora

55
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

affect the large intestine

56
Q

crohn’s disease

A

can affect any part of the GI tract

57
Q

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

what can be used to treat it?

A

abnormal colon contractions

can use benign, non pathogenic worms to treat –> trigger eosniophils and IgE to lesson symptoms

58
Q

what are 2 diverticular diseases?

A
  1. diverticulosis

2. diverticulitis

59
Q

diverticulosis

A

affect the diverticula of the intestine (out pouching without inflammation)

60
Q

what should a patient avoid if they have diverticulosis?

A

seeds (it can get stuck in the diverticula –> growth –> inflammation)

61
Q

diverticulitis

A

out pouching of the diverticula with infection or inflammation

62
Q

obesity

A

having a BMI over 30

63
Q

what are two types of obesity?

A
  1. central obesity

2. peripheral obesity

64
Q

what is leptin?

A

hormone that is an appetite suppressor

65
Q

what happens during leptin resistance?

A

body isn’t as sensitive to leptin anymore → ability to respond to leptin is lowered bc body is saturated with it all the time (constantly eating sugar → insulin resistance)

66
Q

do fat cells increase in number or size when gaining weight?

A

fat cells get bigger (not necessarily increase in number)

67
Q

what is ghrelin?

A

a hormone that is an appetite promoter

68
Q

what happens during ghrelin resistance?

A

body isn’t as sensitive to ghrelin anymore –> ability to respond to it is lowered

69
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

PSYCHOLOGICAL condition where individual is deliberately starving themself (to look thinner)

70
Q

bulimia nervosa

A

PSYCHOLOGICAL condition where individual eats a lot (binge) and throws it up (purge)

71
Q

what physiological changes are associated with bulimia nervosa?

A
  1. electrolyte imbalance
  2. esophagitis (stomach acid deteriorates esophagus)
  3. tooth decay
72
Q

malnutrition

A

not bringing enough nutrients in to maintain homeostasis

73
Q

starvation

A

deliberately preventing self from getting nutrients

74
Q

what are two types of starvation?

A
  1. short term starvation

2. long term starvation

75
Q

what are benefits of short term starvation?

A

gives body a break from high concentrations of leptin and insulin (decreases chance of desensitization); reset hormone concentrations

76
Q

long term starvation

A
77
Q

why does the liver have a lot of rough ER?

A

rough ER specializes in lipid metabolism

78
Q

portal hypertension

A

elevated pressure in portal venous system –> can cause stuff to pass through the liver too quickly

79
Q

ascities

A

fluid build up in peritoneal cavity (sign of LIVER DYSFUNCTION)

80
Q

hepatic encephalopathy

A

liver can’t do its job –> starts affecting the brain

81
Q

what type of headaches are associated with hepatic encephalopathy?

A

chronic tension headaches

82
Q

jaundice (icterus)

A

yellowing of sclera, skin, nails

83
Q

hyperbilirubinemia

A

bilirubin back up in bloodstream bc liver cannot convert into bile

84
Q

what is bilirubin

A

byproduct of broken down RBCs

85
Q

what are three types of jaundice?

A
  1. obstructive jaundice
  2. hemolytic jaundice
  3. hepatocellular jaundice
86
Q

obstructive jaundice

A

actual blockage in the common bile duct

gall stones

87
Q

hemolytic jaundice

A

rupture of too many RBCs (smth causing too many RBCs to break down)

88
Q

hepatocellular jaundice

A

defect in the actual hepatocytes and the ability to make bile
(cirrhosis of the liver)

89
Q

hepatorenal syndrome

A

kidney and liver relationship

Liver disease = imparied ability of kidney to do their job

90
Q

what can cause acute liver failure?

A
  1. drug associated: can be triggered by acetaminophen (tylenol)
  2. infectious disease: hepatitis
91
Q

viral hepatitis

A

hep B and C

92
Q

non alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL)

A

fat infiltration into the liver

- can also lead to cirrhosis

93
Q

cirrhosis

A

massive scar tissue infiltration in the liver

94
Q

what are two types of cirrhosis

A
  1. alcoholic cirrhosis

2. billiary cirrhosis

95
Q

alcoholic cirrhosis

A

caused by chronic alcohol abuse

96
Q

biliary cirrhosis

A

scar infiltration of the biliary ductwork

97
Q

primary biliary cirrhosis

A

autoimmune, idiopathic biliary cirrhosis

98
Q

secondary biliary cirrhosis

A

defined cause of cirrhosis, usually happens similarly bc of alcoholic cirrhosis

99
Q

what are 2 gallbladder disorders?

A
  1. cholelithiasis

2. cholecystitis

100
Q

cholelithiasis

A

gallstones

101
Q

what are gall stones mostly made out of?

A

fat and cholesterol

102
Q

cholecystitis

A

inflammation of the gallbladder

103
Q

what are two types of cholecystitis

A
  1. acute cholecystitis

2. chronic cholecystitis

104
Q

acute cholecystitis

A

infectious disease related

105
Q

chronic cholecystitis

A

slower development, can happen in absence of mitigating factors

  • can start to affect the integrity of the bladder
  • may lead to removal of gallbladder
106
Q

is the pancreas an endocrine and exocrine gland?

A

both

107
Q

what do true exocrine glands have?

A

ducts

108
Q

how do endocrine glands that don’t have ducts secrete into the body?

A

secrete into the bloodstream

109
Q

what are some pancreatic disorders?

A

pancreatitis, acute and chronic

110
Q

pancreatitis

A

inflammation of the pancreas

111
Q

acute pancreatitis

A

can be due to infectious disease or a reaction to drug

112
Q

chronic pancreatitis

A

similar to liver cirrhosis; affects how pancreas acts a an endo/exocrine gland
- scar tissue infiltration

113
Q

what is affected when secretion by the pancreas is impaired?

A

no pancreatic juice to neutralize chyme

no insulin/glucagon for sugar storage and absorption

114
Q

what are the cancers of the GI tract?

A
  • esophageal cancer
  • stomach cancer
  • colorectal cancer
  • liver cancer
  • pancreatic cancer
  • gallbladder cancer
115
Q

esophageal cancer

  • what is it?
  • what causes it?
  • prognosis?
A
  • cancer of the esophagus
  • caused by smoking, GERD, alcohol abuse
  • prognosis: tough to treat because patient still has to get nutrients and may exhibit cachexia –> usually successful just difficult
116
Q

why does GERD lead to esophageal cancer?

A

chronic inflammation when stomach acid eats away at esophageal lining

117
Q

stomach cancer

  • what is it?
  • what causes it?
  • prognosis?
A
  • cancer of the stomach (if prone to stomach ulcers = link to stomach cancer)
  • caused by smoking, GERD, alcohol abuse
  • prognosis: tough to treat because patient still has to get nutrients and may exhibit cachexia –> usually successful just difficult
118
Q

colorectal cancer

  • what is it?
  • what causes it?
  • prognosis?
A
  • cancer of the colon (formation of polyps = risk factor of colorectal cancer)
  • caused by diet, xenobiotic compounds, alcohol, smoking, chronic inflammation due to an infectious disease. GENETICS
  • prognosis: all depends if you catch it in time
119
Q

what is the biggest contributing factor towards colon cancer?

A

genetics

120
Q

t/f: almost half of all colorectal cancers occur at the rectum

A

true

121
Q

liver cancer

  • what is it?
  • what causes it?
  • prognosis?
A
  • cancer of the liver (hepatocellular and cholangiocellular carcinoma)
  • infectious diseases HEP B and C, cirrhosis, smoking, liver damage
  • prognosis: depends if you can catch it in time?
122
Q

why does metastasis get stuck and grow in the liver?

A

narrow capillaries causes things to get stuck

123
Q

what are the three most common places for metastasis?

A

lungs, liver, lymph

124
Q

hepatocellular carcinoma

A

carcinoma that affects liver themselves (origin in the liver)

125
Q

cholangiocellular carcinoma

A

carcinoma that affects the duct work (common bile duct, hepatic duct, cystic duct)

126
Q

pancreatic cancer

- prognosis?

A

worse prognosis; even after treatment it can develop quickly
- by the time you realize it; it might be too late

127
Q

gallbladder cancer

- prognosis?

A

better prognosis; can always have the gallbladder removed and pray it didn’t metastasize

pathophysiology (16 decks)

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