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pathophysiology > ch27: alterations of pulmonary function > Flashcards

ch27: alterations of pulmonary function Flashcards

1
Q

what are the purposes of the pulmonary system?

A
  1. oxygenate blood
  2. release CO2
  3. maintain pH
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2
Q

eupnea

A

normal breathing, rhythmic, and effortless

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3
Q

dyspnea

A

breathing discomfort, difficulty breathing, labored breathing, shortness of breath

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4
Q

what are severe signs of dyspnea?

A

flaring of nostrils, use of accessory muscles for respiration

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5
Q

apnea

A

temporary cessation of breathing

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6
Q

tachypnea

A

rapid shallow breathing

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7
Q

orthopnea

A

dyspnea that occurs during heart failure when a person lies flat

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8
Q

paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)

A

awakening at night gasping for air, needed to sit or stand to relieve the dyspnea

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9
Q

hyperpnea (kussmaul respiration)

A

increased ventilatory rate, large tidal volumes, no expiratory pause
- caused by strenuous exercise or metabolic acidosis

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10
Q

labored breathing (what breathing sound can you hear?)

A

increased work of breathing, especially if the airways are obstructed (can hear stridor)

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11
Q

restricted breathing

A

usually WITHIN lung tissue; associated with disorders

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12
Q

cheyne stokes respiration

A

alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing

- result from any condition that reduces blood flow to the brainstem OR heart failure

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13
Q

hypoventilation

A

inadequate alveolar ventilation in relation to metabolic demands
- CO2 removal < CO2 production

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14
Q

hyperventilation

A

ventilation exceeding metabolic demands

- CO2 removal > CO2 proudction

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15
Q

hypercapnia

A

hypoventilation of alveoli –> excessive CO2 in blood stream

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16
Q

hypocapnia

A

not enough CO2 in bloodstream

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17
Q

respiratory acidosis

A

accumulation of CO2 in the bloodstream (<7.35)

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18
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A

not enough of CO2 in the bloodstream (>7.35)

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19
Q

cough

A

protective reflex that helps clear the airways by an explosive expiration

  • productive
  • non productive
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20
Q

hemoptysis

A

coughing up blood; usually indicates inflammation or infection of bronchi

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21
Q

cyanosis

A

bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes (increased amounts of desaturated hemoglobin)

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22
Q

digital clubbing

A

selective bulbous enlargement of the end of a digit

- commonly associated with disease that disrupt the normal pulmonary circulation

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23
Q

why does mouth to mouth resuscitation work?

A

body releases around 10% of O2 inhaled

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24
Q

hypoxemia

A

lack of O2 in the blood

- can result from hyperventilation and/or diffusion abnormalities

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25
Q

v/q ratio

A

ratio of ventilation to perfusion

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26
Q

low v/q

A

impaired ventilation leads to hypoxemia

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27
Q

shunting (very low v/q)

A

blocked ventilation and collapsed alveolus lead to hypoxemia

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28
Q

high v/q

A

impaired perfusion and alveolar dead space lead to hypoxemia

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29
Q

acute respiratory failure

A

inadequate gas exchange

- PaO2 < 50mmHg, PaCO2 > 50mmHg

30
Q

pulmonary edema

A

excess fluid in the lung

31
Q

aspiration

A

could be own secretion or anything that impairs the ability of the body to bring in air

32
Q

atelectasis

A

collapsed lung

33
Q

what are two types of atelectasis

A
  1. compression atelectasis

2. absorption atelectasis

34
Q

compression atelectasis

A

force from outside injury causes lung to collapse

35
Q

absorption atelectasis

A

air is drawn out of lungs too quickly, collapses from inside force

36
Q

bronchiectasis

A

common in patients with emphysema; (CAN’T EXHALE PROPERLY); persistent abnormal dilation of the bronchi

37
Q

bronchiolitis

A

diffuse, inflammatory obstruction of the small airways

38
Q

bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP):

A

complication of bronchiolitis where alveoli and bronchioles become filled with plugs of connective tissue

39
Q

pneumothorax

A

air between pleura

40
Q

what are two types of pneumothorax?

A
  1. open pneumothorax

2. tension pneumothorax

41
Q

open pneumothorax

A

“communicating” → air in between pleura can get in and out (air pressure in pleura matches outside pressure)

42
Q

tension pneumothorax

A

air cannot get in and out (air between pleura much greater)

43
Q

pleural effusion

A

water in the pleural cavity

44
Q

what are three types of effusion?

A
  1. transudative
  2. exudative
  3. empyema
45
Q

transudative effusion

A

watery

46
Q

exudative effusion

A

full of proteins; turbid

47
Q

empyema

A

pus between pleural layers

48
Q

pleurisy (pleuritis)

A

inflammation of the pleura

49
Q

pulmonary edema

A

left heart failure → back up of blood to the pulmonary system

50
Q

pulmonary fibrosis

A

scar tissue infiltration of the lungs bc of

  • smoking
  • infectious disease
  • lung cancer
51
Q

chest wall restriction

A

when something is impeding inhalation

52
Q

flail chest

A

inhale → air from one lung → other lung → exhale → goes back to the other lung = asynchronous inflation and deflation

53
Q

what are the 4 types of inhalation disorders?

A
  1. toxic gas exposure
  2. oxygen toxicity
  3. pneumoconiosis
  4. allergic alveolitis
54
Q

toxic gas exposure

A

exposure to toxic gas (carbon monoxide) can damage lung tissue

55
Q

oxygen toxicity

A

toxic free radicals → body can’t detoxify fast enough

56
Q

pneumoconiosis

A

inflammation of lung tissue; inorganic material is causing the damage - ASBESTOS; scarring and pulmonary fibrosis → can lead to lung cancer

57
Q

allergic alveolitis

A

inflammation of the lung tissue; organic material is directly affecting immune system

58
Q

acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

A

alveolar capillary membrane injury → shunting, pulmonary edema, hypoxemia

massive, acute inflammation of lungs

59
Q

covid-19

A

ace2 receptor (supposed to break down angiotensin ii → accumulation → large scale inflammation and scar tissue

60
Q

what is worse with obstructive pulmonary diseases?

A

expiration

61
Q

what are 4 types of obstructive pulmonary diseases?

A
  1. asthma
  2. chronic bronchitis
  3. emphysema
  4. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
62
Q

pneumonia

A 
acute infection of lower respiratory tract 
Many causes (bacterial, fungal, viral)
63
Q

tuberculosis

A

caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis; can grow inside of macrophage (really like O2)

64
Q

acute bronchitis

A

rapid onset, usually VIRAL, inflammation of the bronchioles

  • Usually resolves self fairly easily but can lead to more serious
  • Bark, cough, high pitched, non productive cough
65
Q

pulmonary embolism

A

usually a thromboembolism (could have originated somewhere else)

may lead to infarction of lung tissue

66
Q

what is virchow’s triad

A
  1. venous stasis
  2. vessel injury
  3. hypercoagulability
67
Q

pulmonary hypertension

A

high BP in pulmonary arteries

68
Q

primary hypertension

A

idiopathic

69
Q

secondary hypertension

A

defined cause

70
Q

cor pulmonale

A

problem in the right ventricle → can get HYPERTROPHIED or DISTENDED, can become both

pathophysiology (16 decks)

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