ch27: alterations of pulmonary function Flashcards

(70 cards)

1
Q

what are the purposes of the pulmonary system?

A
  1. oxygenate blood
  2. release CO2
  3. maintain pH
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2
Q

eupnea

A

normal breathing, rhythmic, and effortless

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3
Q

dyspnea

A

breathing discomfort, difficulty breathing, labored breathing, shortness of breath

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4
Q

what are severe signs of dyspnea?

A

flaring of nostrils, use of accessory muscles for respiration

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5
Q

apnea

A

temporary cessation of breathing

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6
Q

tachypnea

A

rapid shallow breathing

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7
Q

orthopnea

A

dyspnea that occurs during heart failure when a person lies flat

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8
Q

paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)

A

awakening at night gasping for air, needed to sit or stand to relieve the dyspnea

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9
Q

hyperpnea (kussmaul respiration)

A

increased ventilatory rate, large tidal volumes, no expiratory pause
- caused by strenuous exercise or metabolic acidosis

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10
Q

labored breathing (what breathing sound can you hear?)

A

increased work of breathing, especially if the airways are obstructed (can hear stridor)

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11
Q

restricted breathing

A

usually WITHIN lung tissue; associated with disorders

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12
Q

cheyne stokes respiration

A

alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing

- result from any condition that reduces blood flow to the brainstem OR heart failure

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13
Q

hypoventilation

A

inadequate alveolar ventilation in relation to metabolic demands
- CO2 removal < CO2 production

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14
Q

hyperventilation

A

ventilation exceeding metabolic demands

- CO2 removal > CO2 proudction

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15
Q

hypercapnia

A

hypoventilation of alveoli –> excessive CO2 in blood stream

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16
Q

hypocapnia

A

not enough CO2 in bloodstream

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17
Q

respiratory acidosis

A

accumulation of CO2 in the bloodstream (<7.35)

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18
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A

not enough of CO2 in the bloodstream (>7.35)

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19
Q

cough

A

protective reflex that helps clear the airways by an explosive expiration

  • productive
  • non productive
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20
Q

hemoptysis

A

coughing up blood; usually indicates inflammation or infection of bronchi

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21
Q

cyanosis

A

bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes (increased amounts of desaturated hemoglobin)

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22
Q

digital clubbing

A

selective bulbous enlargement of the end of a digit

- commonly associated with disease that disrupt the normal pulmonary circulation

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23
Q

why does mouth to mouth resuscitation work?

A

body releases around 10% of O2 inhaled

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24
Q

hypoxemia

A

lack of O2 in the blood

- can result from hyperventilation and/or diffusion abnormalities

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25
v/q ratio
ratio of ventilation to perfusion
26
low v/q
impaired ventilation leads to hypoxemia
27
shunting (very low v/q)
blocked ventilation and collapsed alveolus lead to hypoxemia
28
high v/q
impaired perfusion and alveolar dead space lead to hypoxemia
29
acute respiratory failure
inadequate gas exchange | - PaO2 < 50mmHg, PaCO2 > 50mmHg
30
pulmonary edema
excess fluid in the lung
31
aspiration
could be own secretion or anything that impairs the ability of the body to bring in air
32
atelectasis
collapsed lung
33
what are two types of atelectasis
1. compression atelectasis | 2. absorption atelectasis
34
compression atelectasis
force from outside injury causes lung to collapse
35
absorption atelectasis
air is drawn out of lungs too quickly, collapses from inside force
36
bronchiectasis
common in patients with emphysema; (CAN’T EXHALE PROPERLY); persistent abnormal dilation of the bronchi
37
bronchiolitis
diffuse, inflammatory obstruction of the small airways
38
bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP):
complication of bronchiolitis where alveoli and bronchioles become filled with plugs of connective tissue
39
pneumothorax
air between pleura
40
what are two types of pneumothorax?
1. open pneumothorax | 2. tension pneumothorax
41
open pneumothorax
“communicating” → air in between pleura can get in and out (air pressure in pleura matches outside pressure)
42
tension pneumothorax
air cannot get in and out (air between pleura much greater)
43
pleural effusion
water in the pleural cavity
44
what are three types of effusion?
1. transudative 2. exudative 3. empyema
45
transudative effusion
watery
46
exudative effusion
full of proteins; turbid
47
empyema
pus between pleural layers
48
pleurisy (pleuritis)
inflammation of the pleura
49
pulmonary edema
left heart failure → back up of blood to the pulmonary system
50
pulmonary fibrosis
scar tissue infiltration of the lungs bc of - smoking - infectious disease - lung cancer
51
chest wall restriction
when something is impeding inhalation
52
flail chest
inhale → air from one lung → other lung → exhale → goes back to the other lung = asynchronous inflation and deflation
53
what are the 4 types of inhalation disorders?
1. toxic gas exposure 2. oxygen toxicity 3. pneumoconiosis 4. allergic alveolitis
54
toxic gas exposure
exposure to toxic gas (carbon monoxide) can damage lung tissue
55
oxygen toxicity
toxic free radicals → body can’t detoxify fast enough
56
pneumoconiosis
inflammation of lung tissue; inorganic material is causing the damage - ASBESTOS; scarring and pulmonary fibrosis → can lead to lung cancer
57
allergic alveolitis
inflammation of the lung tissue; organic material is directly affecting immune system
58
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
alveolar capillary membrane injury → shunting, pulmonary edema, hypoxemia massive, acute inflammation of lungs
59
covid-19
ace2 receptor (supposed to break down angiotensin ii → accumulation → large scale inflammation and scar tissue
60
what is worse with obstructive pulmonary diseases?
expiration
61
what are 4 types of obstructive pulmonary diseases?
1. asthma 2. chronic bronchitis 3. emphysema 4. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
62
pneumonia
``` acute infection of lower respiratory tract Many causes (bacterial, fungal, viral) ```
63
tuberculosis
caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis; can grow inside of macrophage (really like O2)
64
acute bronchitis
rapid onset, usually VIRAL, inflammation of the bronchioles - Usually resolves self fairly easily but can lead to more serious - Bark, cough, high pitched, non productive cough
65
pulmonary embolism
usually a thromboembolism (could have originated somewhere else) may lead to infarction of lung tissue
66
what is virchow's triad
1. venous stasis 2. vessel injury 3. hypercoagulability
67
pulmonary hypertension
high BP in pulmonary arteries
68
primary hypertension
idiopathic
69
secondary hypertension
defined cause
70
cor pulmonale
problem in the right ventricle → can get HYPERTROPHIED or DISTENDED, can become both