ch4: altered cellular and tissue biology Flashcards
differentiated
specialized function
ex. liver cell only using liver cell genes
undifferentiated
no specific specialized function, partial differentiation
“adapted” cells
–> an example where this happens?
when cells temporarily suspend usual function
- ex. inflammation
atrophy
decrease in cell size –> decrease in tissue size
physiologic atrophy
decrease in cell size + tissue size due to a normal process (thymus)
pathologic atrophy
decrease in cell size+tissue size due to abnormal process (disease)
disuse atrophy
skeletal muscle isn’t being used and leads to a decrease in cell size + tissue size
hypertrophy
increase in cell size + tissue size
physiologic hypertrophy
increase in cell size + tissue size due to normal process OR increase in workload
pathologic hypertrophy
increase in cell size + tissue size due to abnormal/disease process
hyperplasia
increase in cell number
physiologic hyperplasia
increase in cell number due to normal process or increase workload
pathologic hyperplasia
increase in cell number due to abnormal process
compensatory hyperplasia
increase in cell number to compensate for something
donating a kidney –> your remaining kidney will increase in size to compensate
hormonal hyperplasia
increase in cell number due to hormonal changes/imbalances
metaplasia
cellular replacement by a less mature cell (can be reversible)
- Ex. part of an organ removed → less mature cells come in → will specialize to become like tissues of that organ
dysplasia
abnormal changes in cells (cells dividing bc of disease)
ex. neoplasia
what are causes of cellular adaptation
- increase/decrease workload
- increase/decrease blood supply
- changes in nutrition
- changes in [hormones]
- nervous system stimulation (or lack thereof)
what are features of an injured cell (factors that can make damage “irreversible”)
- severe drop in ATP production
- extensive vacuolation (esp in mitochondria) compartmentalization of water
- high Ca2+ infiltration attracts more water
- accumulation of O2 derived free radicals
what are some causes of cellular injury?
- hypoxia
- free radical damage
- chemical injury
- infectious/inflammatory injury
- traumatic injury
hypoxia
insufficient oxygen to cells
asphyxial injury
injury happened that deprived tissues of something they need
reperfusion injury
blood flows back in after thrombus elimination, but sudden efflux of O2 again will lead to accumulation of free radicals in the cells
free radical damage
byproducts when turning O2 into water are toxic –> cell needs to detoxify or else damage
what enzyme detoxifies hydrogen peroxide?
catalase enzyme
what are the reactive oxygen species (ROS)?
superoxide, hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide radical
what is the highest metabolic priority?
detoxify free radicals
chemical injury
ex.?
poisons/toxic agents (xenobiotics)
ex: → CO poisoning: patient would look bright red, hemoglobin has high affinity for O2, but higher affinity for CO → CO binds to Hg before O2 → bright red patient
infectious/inflammatory injury
damage due to pathogen
traumatic injury
blunt force and sharp force injury
sharp: something pierces the body and breeches the integrity of the skin
what are manifestations of cellular injury?
- water (vacuolation)
- lipids (fatty change) - alters metabolic pathways
- carbs (glycogen accumulation): chemical alterations because of [ion] change
- protein accumulation
- calcium, calcification: tissues harden up and don’t respond to metabolic needs
- uric acid –> gout
dystrophic calcification
damaged cell/organ, acute damage
metastatic calcification
chronic damage; can be in cells that weren’t directly damaged but were affected bc of damage somewhere else in the body
where do you mostly find uric acid crystals
feet, joint, hands (very painful)
necrosis
dead tissue
autolysis
self directed lysis of cell
pyknosis
general swelling of cell and clumping of chromatin and vacuolation
karyolysis (karyorrhexis)
dissolution of nuclear structure, rupture of cell membrane
what are types of necrosis (4)
- coagulative necrosis
- liquefactive necrosis
- caseous necrosis
- fat necrosis
coagulative necrosis
coagulation of a bunch of proteins and other molecules in the tissue
liquefactive necrosis
tissues liquefy
caseous necrosis
coagulation and liquefaction of the tissues (combo of coagulative and liquefactive)
fat necrosis
- where do you see this most often
saponification: to make soap like, fat like accumulation (a lot of this in damaged liver)
gangrenous necrosis
bacteria?
can be caused by Clostridium perfringes
- blood deprivation bc of ischemia
what makes necrosis different from apoptosis?
GROUP of cells DO rupture and lyse into fractions
apoptosis
cellular suicide via genetic alteration (self destruct program)
what makes apoptosis different from necrosis
SINGLE cells DON’T rupture and instead create APOPTOTIC BODIES for macrophages to eat
