ch4: altered cellular and tissue biology

Question 1

differentiated

Answer 1

specialized function

ex. liver cell only using liver cell genes

Question 2

undifferentiated

Answer 2

no specific specialized function, partial differentiation

Question 3

“adapted” cells

–> an example where this happens?

Answer 3

when cells temporarily suspend usual function

- ex. inflammation

Question 4

atrophy

Answer 4

decrease in cell size –> decrease in tissue size

Question 5

physiologic atrophy

Answer 5

decrease in cell size + tissue size due to a normal process (thymus)

Question 6

pathologic atrophy

Answer 6

decrease in cell size+tissue size due to abnormal process (disease)

Question 7

disuse atrophy

Answer 7

skeletal muscle isn’t being used and leads to a decrease in cell size + tissue size

Question 8

hypertrophy

Answer 8

increase in cell size + tissue size

Question 9

physiologic hypertrophy

Answer 9

increase in cell size + tissue size due to normal process OR increase in workload

Question 10

pathologic hypertrophy

Answer 10

increase in cell size + tissue size due to abnormal/disease process

Question 11

hyperplasia

Answer 11

increase in cell number

Question 12

physiologic hyperplasia

Answer 12

increase in cell number due to normal process or increase workload

Question 13

pathologic hyperplasia

Answer 13

increase in cell number due to abnormal process

Question 14

compensatory hyperplasia

Answer 14

increase in cell number to compensate for something

donating a kidney –> your remaining kidney will increase in size to compensate

Question 15

hormonal hyperplasia

Answer 15

increase in cell number due to hormonal changes/imbalances

Question 16

metaplasia

Answer 16

cellular replacement by a less mature cell (can be reversible)
- Ex. part of an organ removed → less mature cells come in → will specialize to become like tissues of that organ

Question 17

dysplasia

Answer 17

abnormal changes in cells (cells dividing bc of disease)

ex. neoplasia

Question 18

what are causes of cellular adaptation

Answer 18

1. increase/decrease workload
2. increase/decrease blood supply
3. changes in nutrition
4. changes in [hormones]
5. nervous system stimulation (or lack thereof)

Question 19

what are features of an injured cell (factors that can make damage “irreversible”)

Answer 19

• severe drop in ATP production
• extensive vacuolation (esp in mitochondria) compartmentalization of water
• high Ca2+ infiltration attracts more water
• accumulation of O2 derived free radicals

Question 20

what are some causes of cellular injury?

Answer 20

1. hypoxia
2. free radical damage
3. chemical injury
4. infectious/inflammatory injury
5. traumatic injury

Question 21

hypoxia

Answer 21

insufficient oxygen to cells

Question 22

asphyxial injury

Answer 22

injury happened that deprived tissues of something they need

Question 23

reperfusion injury

Answer 23

blood flows back in after thrombus elimination, but sudden efflux of O2 again will lead to accumulation of free radicals in the cells

Question 24

free radical damage

Answer 24

byproducts when turning O2 into water are toxic –> cell needs to detoxify or else damage

Question 25

what enzyme detoxifies hydrogen peroxide?

Answer 25

catalase enzyme

Question 26

what are the reactive oxygen species (ROS)?

Answer 26

superoxide, hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide radical

Question 27

what is the highest metabolic priority?

Answer 27

detoxify free radicals

Question 28

chemical injury | ex.?

Answer 28

poisons/toxic agents (xenobiotics) ex: → CO poisoning: patient would look bright red, hemoglobin has high affinity for O2, but higher affinity for CO → CO binds to Hg before O2 → bright red patient

Question 29

infectious/inflammatory injury

Answer 29

damage due to pathogen

Question 30

traumatic injury

Answer 30

blunt force and sharp force injury | sharp: something pierces the body and breeches the integrity of the skin

Question 31

what are manifestations of cellular injury?

Answer 31

1. water (vacuolation) 2. lipids (fatty change) - alters metabolic pathways 3. carbs (glycogen accumulation): chemical alterations because of [ion] change 4. protein accumulation 5. calcium, calcification: tissues harden up and don't respond to metabolic needs 6. uric acid --> gout

Question 32

dystrophic calcification

Answer 32

damaged cell/organ, acute damage

Question 33

metastatic calcification

Answer 33

chronic damage; can be in cells that weren't directly damaged but were affected bc of damage somewhere else in the body

Question 34

where do you mostly find uric acid crystals

Answer 34

feet, joint, hands (very painful)

Question 35

necrosis

Answer 35

dead tissue

Question 36

autolysis

Answer 36

self directed lysis of cell

Question 37

pyknosis

Answer 37

general swelling of cell and clumping of chromatin and vacuolation

Question 38

karyolysis (karyorrhexis)

Answer 38

dissolution of nuclear structure, rupture of cell membrane

Question 39

what are types of necrosis (4)

Answer 39

- coagulative necrosis - liquefactive necrosis - caseous necrosis - fat necrosis

Question 40

coagulative necrosis

Answer 40

coagulation of a bunch of proteins and other molecules in the tissue

Question 41

liquefactive necrosis

Answer 41

tissues liquefy

Question 42

caseous necrosis

Answer 42

coagulation and liquefaction of the tissues (combo of coagulative and liquefactive)

Question 43

fat necrosis | - where do you see this most often

Answer 43

saponification: to make soap like, fat like accumulation (a lot of this in damaged liver)

Question 44

gangrenous necrosis | bacteria?

Answer 44

can be caused by Clostridium perfringes | - blood deprivation bc of ischemia

Question 45

what makes necrosis different from apoptosis?

Answer 45

GROUP of cells DO rupture and lyse into fractions

Question 46

apoptosis

Answer 46

cellular suicide via genetic alteration (self destruct program)

Question 47

what makes apoptosis different from necrosis

Answer 47

SINGLE cells DON'T rupture and instead create APOPTOTIC BODIES for macrophages to eat