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pathophysiology > ch14: pain, temperature, sleep, and sensory function > Flashcards

ch14: pain, temperature, sleep, and sensory function Flashcards

1
Q

transduction

A

activation of nociceptors

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2
Q

transmission

A

activated nociceptors send signals to the spinal cord dorsal horn –> to the brain

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3
Q

what part of the brain is responsible for pain perception?

A

post central gyrus

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4
Q

what are the three stages of perception?

A
  1. sensory/discriminative system
  2. motivational/affective system
  3. cognitive/evaluative system
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5
Q

sensory/discriminative system

A

stage of reflexive action; body is withdrawing you from what is causing the pain

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6
Q

motivational/affective system

A

reactionary and processing stage; brain tries to determine if threat is still there “do I need to do something to eliminate the threat”

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7
Q

cognitive/evaluative system

A

learning stage; “am i okay? what do i need to do to prevent this from happening again? do i need to learn something to prevent this?”

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8
Q

modulation

A

may involve excitatory and/or inhibatory neurotransmitters as response to pain

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9
Q

what are some endogenous pain facilitators (ramp up?)

A
  • glutamate
  • substance p
  • histamine
  • prostaglandin
  • bradykinin
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10
Q

what are some pain inhibitors (ramp down)?

A
  • opioids
  • GABA
  • cannabinoids
  • serotonin
  • norepinephrine
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11
Q

what are drugs that were found to bind to the “opiate receptors” of the body before the endogenous molecules were found?

A
  • aspirin
  • ibuprofen
  • morphine
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12
Q

somatogenic pain

A

body pain with well defined source

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13
Q

psychogenic pain

A

can experience pain without cause; state of mind can affect pain response, no well defined source

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14
Q

what are some types of acute pain?

A
  • somatic pain (superficial)
  • visceral pain (internal organs)
  • referred pain (pain you feel is not the source of the problem)
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15
Q

where does chronic pain come from?

A

from chronic disease states

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16
Q

neuropathic pain

  • central pain
  • peripheral pain
A

pain within nervous system

  • central pain: defect in CNS
  • peripheral pain: defect in PNS
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17
Q

pain threshold

A

can be different fro everyone; the lowest intensity where stimulus = pain

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18
Q

perceptual dominance

A

not all injuries will be perceived the same, site of most pain stimulation will dominate and mask the others

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19
Q

pain tolerance

A

amount of time/intensity pain will be tolerated; amount you can take before you get help (variable with different people)

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20
Q

what does it mean when humans are “homeothermic/endothermic”

A

humans are able to maintain their own constant body temperature in order to adapt to environment

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21
Q

what part of the brain regulates temperature?

A

hypothalamus

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22
Q

where are thermoreceptors located?

A

in the hypothalamus

23
Q

what are the three phases of fever?

A
  1. chill phase
  2. fever
  3. crisis phase
24
Q

chill phase

A

feeling cold bc hypothalamus temp higher than body temp

25
Q

fever

A

hypothalamus and body temp equal

26
Q

crisis phase

A

feeling hot bc hypothalamus temp lower than body temp

27
Q

what are pyrogens?

A

molecules that turn up your “thermostat” –> fever

28
Q

exogenous pyrogens

A

factor that body did not make that increased temperature (staph, strep)

29
Q

endogenous pyrogens

A

factor that the body did make that –> higher temperature

- ex. cytokines

30
Q

fever of unknown origin (FUO)

A

no explanation for fever

31
Q

what can you treat FUO with?

A

antipyretic

32
Q

what are the temps that lead to nerve damage and death?

A
  1. 8F = nerve damage and convulsions

109. 4F = death

33
Q

t/f: a lot of analgesics are also antipyretics?

A

true

34
Q

what are some benefits of fever?

A
  1. move past pathogen’s optimum growth temp
  2. decrease serum levels of Fe, Zn, Cu, etc
  3. encourages autolysis (self destruct program) – virus infected cells
  4. stimulates many WBCs
35
Q

what are some temperature regulation disorders?

A

hypothermia and hyperthermia

36
Q

hypothermia

A

feel cold bc temp too low

  • frostbite
  • superficial tissue necrosis
37
Q

hyperthermia

A

feel hot bc temp too high

38
Q

therapeutic hyperthermia

A

raising body temp to alleviate superficial muscle pain or joint pain

39
Q

heath trauma/stroke associated hyperthermia

A

due to injury/deprivation of blood to hypothalamus

40
Q

accidental hyperthermia (4 kinds)

A
  • heat cramps: abdominal cramps, sweating, confusion, nausea
  • heat exhaustion: feeling of fatigue due to high temps
  • heat stroke: can be deadly with possible permanent damage
  • malignant hyperthermia: rare; result of certain muscle disorders, metabolic
41
Q

what is REM?

A

rapid eye movement; a deeper stage of sleep where eyes flutter

42
Q

what is non-REM sleep?

A

lighter stage of sleep where you have dreams

43
Q

t/f: you need both REM and non-REM for quality sleep

A

true

44
Q

what molecule(s) controlled by the hypothalamus promotes and induces sleep?

A

adenosine and orexin

45
Q

what are some dyssomnias of sleep?

A
  • insomnia
  • obstructive sleep apnea syndrome
  • narcolepsy
  • disruption of circadian rhythm
46
Q

insomnia

A

can’t sleep, affects REM and nonREM, bc of psychological stress

47
Q

obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (more common in ____)

A

due to a shortage of REM sleep; usually need CPAP machine to fall sleep
- common in ppl who are heavier

48
Q

narcolepsy

A

subtle occurrences where a person may fall asleep or come out of sleep at inappropriate times

49
Q

what to treat dysomnias with? (where is it made?)

A

melatonin – made in pineal gland

50
Q

what are some parasomnias and when do they typically happen?

A

typically happen in nonREM sleep –> skipping REM

  • somnambulism
  • night terrors
  • enuresis
  • restless leg syndrome
51
Q

somnambulism

A

sleepwalking while doing normal daily functions

52
Q

night terrors

A

activation of fight or flight response while sleeping

53
Q

enuresis

A

peeing in sleep

54
Q

restless leg syndrome

A

feeling of the need to flex legs but with no relief

pathophysiology (16 decks)

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