ch14: pain, temperature, sleep, and sensory function

Question 1

transduction

Answer 1

activation of nociceptors

Question 2

transmission

Answer 2

activated nociceptors send signals to the spinal cord dorsal horn –> to the brain

Question 3

what part of the brain is responsible for pain perception?

Answer 3

post central gyrus

Question 4

what are the three stages of perception?

Answer 4

1. sensory/discriminative system
2. motivational/affective system
3. cognitive/evaluative system

Question 5

sensory/discriminative system

Answer 5

stage of reflexive action; body is withdrawing you from what is causing the pain

Question 6

motivational/affective system

Answer 6

reactionary and processing stage; brain tries to determine if threat is still there “do I need to do something to eliminate the threat”

Question 7

cognitive/evaluative system

Answer 7

learning stage; “am i okay? what do i need to do to prevent this from happening again? do i need to learn something to prevent this?”

Question 8

modulation

Answer 8

may involve excitatory and/or inhibatory neurotransmitters as response to pain

Question 9

what are some endogenous pain facilitators (ramp up?)

Answer 9

• glutamate
• substance p
• histamine
• prostaglandin
• bradykinin

Question 10

what are some pain inhibitors (ramp down)?

Answer 10

• opioids
• GABA
• cannabinoids
• serotonin
• norepinephrine

Question 11

what are drugs that were found to bind to the “opiate receptors” of the body before the endogenous molecules were found?

Answer 11

• aspirin
• ibuprofen
• morphine

Question 12

somatogenic pain

Answer 12

body pain with well defined source

Question 13

psychogenic pain

Answer 13

can experience pain without cause; state of mind can affect pain response, no well defined source

Question 14

what are some types of acute pain?

Answer 14

• somatic pain (superficial)
• visceral pain (internal organs)
• referred pain (pain you feel is not the source of the problem)

Question 15

where does chronic pain come from?

Answer 15

from chronic disease states

Question 16

neuropathic pain

• central pain
• peripheral pain

Answer 16

pain within nervous system

• central pain: defect in CNS
• peripheral pain: defect in PNS

Question 17

pain threshold

Answer 17

can be different fro everyone; the lowest intensity where stimulus = pain

Question 18

perceptual dominance

Answer 18

not all injuries will be perceived the same, site of most pain stimulation will dominate and mask the others

Question 19

pain tolerance

Answer 19

amount of time/intensity pain will be tolerated; amount you can take before you get help (variable with different people)

Question 20

what does it mean when humans are “homeothermic/endothermic”

Answer 20

humans are able to maintain their own constant body temperature in order to adapt to environment

Question 21

what part of the brain regulates temperature?

Answer 21

hypothalamus

Question 22

where are thermoreceptors located?

Answer 22

in the hypothalamus

Question 23

what are the three phases of fever?

Answer 23

1. chill phase
2. fever
3. crisis phase

Question 24

chill phase

Answer 24

feeling cold bc hypothalamus temp higher than body temp

Question 25

fever

Answer 25

hypothalamus and body temp equal

Question 26

crisis phase

Answer 26

feeling hot bc hypothalamus temp lower than body temp

Question 27

what are pyrogens?

Answer 27

molecules that turn up your "thermostat" --> fever

Question 28

exogenous pyrogens

Answer 28

factor that body did not make that increased temperature (staph, strep)

Question 29

endogenous pyrogens

Answer 29

factor that the body did make that --> higher temperature | - ex. cytokines

Question 30

fever of unknown origin (FUO)

Answer 30

no explanation for fever

Question 31

what can you treat FUO with?

Answer 31

antipyretic

Question 32

what are the temps that lead to nerve damage and death?

Answer 32

105. 8F = nerve damage and convulsions | 109. 4F = death

Question 33

t/f: a lot of analgesics are also antipyretics?

Answer 33

true

Question 34

what are some benefits of fever?

Answer 34

1. move past pathogen's optimum growth temp 2. decrease serum levels of Fe, Zn, Cu, etc 3. encourages autolysis (self destruct program) -- virus infected cells 4. stimulates many WBCs

Question 35

what are some temperature regulation disorders?

Answer 35

hypothermia and hyperthermia

Question 36

hypothermia

Answer 36

feel cold bc temp too low - frostbite - superficial tissue necrosis

Question 37

hyperthermia

Answer 37

feel hot bc temp too high

Question 38

therapeutic hyperthermia

Answer 38

raising body temp to alleviate superficial muscle pain or joint pain

Question 39

heath trauma/stroke associated hyperthermia

Answer 39

due to injury/deprivation of blood to hypothalamus

Question 40

accidental hyperthermia (4 kinds)

Answer 40

- heat cramps: abdominal cramps, sweating, confusion, nausea - heat exhaustion: feeling of fatigue due to high temps - heat stroke: can be deadly with possible permanent damage - malignant hyperthermia: rare; result of certain muscle disorders, metabolic

Question 41

what is REM?

Answer 41

rapid eye movement; a deeper stage of sleep where eyes flutter

Question 42

what is non-REM sleep?

Answer 42

lighter stage of sleep where you have dreams

Question 43

t/f: you need both REM and non-REM for quality sleep

Answer 43

true

Question 44

what molecule(s) controlled by the hypothalamus promotes and induces sleep?

Answer 44

adenosine and orexin

Question 45

what are some dyssomnias of sleep?

Answer 45

- insomnia - obstructive sleep apnea syndrome - narcolepsy - disruption of circadian rhythm

Question 46

insomnia

Answer 46

can't sleep, affects REM and nonREM, bc of psychological stress

Question 47

obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (more common in ____)

Answer 47

due to a shortage of REM sleep; usually need CPAP machine to fall sleep - common in ppl who are heavier

Question 48

narcolepsy

Answer 48

subtle occurrences where a person may fall asleep or come out of sleep at inappropriate times

Question 49

what to treat dysomnias with? (where is it made?)

Answer 49

melatonin -- made in pineal gland

Question 50

what are some parasomnias and when do they typically happen?

Answer 50

typically happen in nonREM sleep --> skipping REM - somnambulism - night terrors - enuresis - restless leg syndrome

Question 51

somnambulism

Answer 51

sleepwalking while doing normal daily functions

Question 52

night terrors

Answer 52

activation of fight or flight response while sleeping

Question 53

enuresis

Answer 53

peeing in sleep

Question 54

restless leg syndrome

Answer 54

feeling of the need to flex legs but with no relief