ch14: pain, temperature, sleep, and sensory function Flashcards
transduction
activation of nociceptors
transmission
activated nociceptors send signals to the spinal cord dorsal horn –> to the brain
what part of the brain is responsible for pain perception?
post central gyrus
what are the three stages of perception?
- sensory/discriminative system
- motivational/affective system
- cognitive/evaluative system
sensory/discriminative system
stage of reflexive action; body is withdrawing you from what is causing the pain
motivational/affective system
reactionary and processing stage; brain tries to determine if threat is still there “do I need to do something to eliminate the threat”
cognitive/evaluative system
learning stage; “am i okay? what do i need to do to prevent this from happening again? do i need to learn something to prevent this?”
modulation
may involve excitatory and/or inhibatory neurotransmitters as response to pain
what are some endogenous pain facilitators (ramp up?)
- glutamate
- substance p
- histamine
- prostaglandin
- bradykinin
what are some pain inhibitors (ramp down)?
- opioids
- GABA
- cannabinoids
- serotonin
- norepinephrine
what are drugs that were found to bind to the “opiate receptors” of the body before the endogenous molecules were found?
- aspirin
- ibuprofen
- morphine
somatogenic pain
body pain with well defined source
psychogenic pain
can experience pain without cause; state of mind can affect pain response, no well defined source
what are some types of acute pain?
- somatic pain (superficial)
- visceral pain (internal organs)
- referred pain (pain you feel is not the source of the problem)
where does chronic pain come from?
from chronic disease states
neuropathic pain
- central pain
- peripheral pain
pain within nervous system
- central pain: defect in CNS
- peripheral pain: defect in PNS
pain threshold
can be different fro everyone; the lowest intensity where stimulus = pain
perceptual dominance
not all injuries will be perceived the same, site of most pain stimulation will dominate and mask the others
pain tolerance
amount of time/intensity pain will be tolerated; amount you can take before you get help (variable with different people)
what does it mean when humans are “homeothermic/endothermic”
humans are able to maintain their own constant body temperature in order to adapt to environment
what part of the brain regulates temperature?
hypothalamus
where are thermoreceptors located?
in the hypothalamus
what are the three phases of fever?
- chill phase
- fever
- crisis phase
chill phase
feeling cold bc hypothalamus temp higher than body temp
fever
hypothalamus and body temp equal
crisis phase
feeling hot bc hypothalamus temp lower than body temp
what are pyrogens?
molecules that turn up your “thermostat” –> fever
exogenous pyrogens
factor that body did not make that increased temperature (staph, strep)
endogenous pyrogens
factor that the body did make that –> higher temperature
- ex. cytokines
fever of unknown origin (FUO)
no explanation for fever
what can you treat FUO with?
antipyretic
what are the temps that lead to nerve damage and death?
- 8F = nerve damage and convulsions
109. 4F = death
t/f: a lot of analgesics are also antipyretics?
true
what are some benefits of fever?
- move past pathogen’s optimum growth temp
- decrease serum levels of Fe, Zn, Cu, etc
- encourages autolysis (self destruct program) – virus infected cells
- stimulates many WBCs
what are some temperature regulation disorders?
hypothermia and hyperthermia
hypothermia
feel cold bc temp too low
- frostbite
- superficial tissue necrosis
hyperthermia
feel hot bc temp too high
therapeutic hyperthermia
raising body temp to alleviate superficial muscle pain or joint pain
heath trauma/stroke associated hyperthermia
due to injury/deprivation of blood to hypothalamus
accidental hyperthermia (4 kinds)
- heat cramps: abdominal cramps, sweating, confusion, nausea
- heat exhaustion: feeling of fatigue due to high temps
- heat stroke: can be deadly with possible permanent damage
- malignant hyperthermia: rare; result of certain muscle disorders, metabolic
what is REM?
rapid eye movement; a deeper stage of sleep where eyes flutter
what is non-REM sleep?
lighter stage of sleep where you have dreams
t/f: you need both REM and non-REM for quality sleep
true
what molecule(s) controlled by the hypothalamus promotes and induces sleep?
adenosine and orexin
what are some dyssomnias of sleep?
- insomnia
- obstructive sleep apnea syndrome
- narcolepsy
- disruption of circadian rhythm
insomnia
can’t sleep, affects REM and nonREM, bc of psychological stress
obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (more common in ____)
due to a shortage of REM sleep; usually need CPAP machine to fall sleep
- common in ppl who are heavier
narcolepsy
subtle occurrences where a person may fall asleep or come out of sleep at inappropriate times
what to treat dysomnias with? (where is it made?)
melatonin – made in pineal gland
what are some parasomnias and when do they typically happen?
typically happen in nonREM sleep –> skipping REM
- somnambulism
- night terrors
- enuresis
- restless leg syndrome
somnambulism
sleepwalking while doing normal daily functions
night terrors
activation of fight or flight response while sleeping
enuresis
peeing in sleep
restless leg syndrome
feeling of the need to flex legs but with no relief
