CH7 (test bank)

Question 1

________ is defined as the processes that account for an individual’s intensity, direction, and
persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.
A) Leadership
B) Management
C) Learning
D) Emotional labor
E) Motivation

Answer 1

E) Motivation

Question 2

The ________ dimension of motivation measures how long a person can maintain effort.
A) direction
B) persistence
C) intensity
D) knowledge
E) experience

Answer 2

B) persistence

Question 3

The ________ element of motivation describes how hard a person tries.
A) intelligence
B) experience
C) direction
D) intensity
E) persistence

Answer 3

D) intensity

Question 4

Which level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs deals with satisfying one’s hunger, thirst, and other
bodily needs?
A) safety
B) physiological
C) social
D) esteem
E) psychological

Answer 4

B) physiological

Question 5

Which of the following needs would most likely motivate Joanna?
A) social
B) esteem
C) physiological
D) self-actualization
E) safety

Answer 5

C) physiological

Question 6

Which of the following needs would most likely motivate Josephine?
A) social
B) esteem
C) physiological
D) self-actualization
E) safety

Answer 6

A) social

Question 7

Which of the following needs would motivate Jonathan the most?
A) social
B) esteem
C) physiological
D) self-actualization
E) safety

Answer 7

D) self-actualization

Question 8

According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which of the following is a lower-order need?
A) social
B) safety
C) esteem
D) self-actualization
E) recognition

Answer 8

B) safety

Question 9

If we consider Maslow’s hierarchy of needs in the context of Japan, Greece, and Mexico, where
uncertainty-avoidance characteristics are strong then ________ needs would be on top of the hierarchy.
A) self actualization
B) security
C) social
D) esteem
E) growth

Answer 9

B) security

Question 10

Which of the following needs in Maslow’s hierarchy refers to the drive to become what one is
capable of becoming?
A) social
B) self-actualization
C) physiological
D) esteem
E) safety

Answer 10

B) self-actualization

Question 11

Why is Maslow’s theory criticized?
A) The concept of self-actualization was unfounded.
B) There is little evidence that needs are structured or operate in the way it describes.
C) The esteem need is a more powerful motivator than self-actualization.
D) Its terminology tends to alienate those to whom it is applied.
E) It does not adequately describe how an organization can satisfy higher-order needs.

Answer 11

B) There is little evidence that needs are structured or operate in the way it describes.

Question 12

According to Douglas McGregor’s Theory Y, a manager assumes that employees ________.
A) need to be directed
B) prefer to be controlled
C) learn to accept responsibility
D) need to be micromanaged
E) attempt to avoid work

Answer 12

C) learn to accept responsibility

Question 13

If Alberta is a categorized as a Theory X manager, which of the following behaviors is she most
likely to exhibit?
A) She will empower her subordinates.
B) She will trust her employees to use their discretion in most matters.
C) She will strictly control all the details of any project she is managing.
D) She will delegate authority extensively to junior managers.
E) She will let her employees choose their own goals.

Answer 13

C) She will strictly control all the details of any project she is managing.

Question 14

The ________ theory is also called motivation-hygiene theory.
A) hierarchy of needs
B) goal-setting
C) self-determination
D) cognitive evaluation
E) two-factor

Answer 14

E) two-factor

Question 15

Which of the following theories proposes the idea of a dual continuum?
A) Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory
B) self-determination theory
C) two-factor theory
D) cognitive evaluation theory
E) McClelland’s theory of needs

Answer 15

C) two-factor theory

Question 16

) According to the two-factor theory, ________.
A) there exists a hierarchy of needs within every human being, and as each need is satisfied, the next
one becomes dominant
B) most employees inherently dislike work and must therefore be directed or even coerced into
performing it
C) employees view work as being as natural as rest or play, and therefore learn to accept, and even seek,
responsibility
D) the aspects that lead to job satisfaction are separate and distinct from those that lead to job
dissatisfaction
E) achievement, power, and affiliation are three important needs that help explain motivation

Answer 16

D) the aspects that lead to job satisfaction are separate and distinct from those that lead to job
dissatisfaction

Question 17

Which of the following is a motivational factor, according to Herzberg’s two-factor theory?
A) quality of supervision
B) recognition
C) pay
D) relationships with others
E) company policies

Answer 17

B) recognition

Question 18

According to the two-factor theory proposed by Herzberg, which of the following is considered a
hygiene factor?
A) promotional opportunities
B) quality of supervision
C) achievement
D) recognition
E) responsibility

Answer 18

B) quality of supervision

Question 19

According to Herzberg, when ________ are adequate, people won’t be dissatisfied, but they will also
not be satisfied.
A) achievement needs
B) affiliation needs
C) motivational factors
D) power needs
E) hygiene factors

Answer 19

E) hygiene factors

Question 20

McClelland’s theory is based on which of the following needs?
A) stability, growth, and security
B) achievement, power, and affiliation
C) self-actualization, stability, and safety
D) hygiene, control, and security
E) control, status, and self-actualization

Answer 20

B) achievement, power, and affiliation

Question 21

Which of these five employees is most likely to be suitable for a new assignment that involves a
high degree of personal responsibility and feedback?
A) Joe
B) Mary
C) Tim
D) Sarah
E) Doug

Answer 21

A) Joe

Question 22

Which of these five employees is most suitable for handling your responsibilities when you are on a
vacation?
A) Joe
B) Mary
C) Tim
D) Sarah
E) Doug

Answer 22

D) Sarah

Question 23

Erika wants to become the head of the HR department. Although the role comes with a generous
salary hike and will put her in charge of several subordinates, she is mainly pursuing this position
because she believes she can do the job better than anyone else and wants people to know this.
According to McClelland’s theory of needs, which of the following needs is Erika primarily driven by in
this case?
A) the need for stability
B) the need for achievement
C) the need for security
D) the need for affiliation
E) the need for power

Answer 23

B) the need for achievement

Question 24

Which of the following statements is true according to McClelland’s theory of needs ?
A) People with a high achievement need prefer tasks that have a high level of risk.
B) People with a high achievement need are interested in motivating others to do well.
C) People with a high need for power and affiliation often make good managers in large firms.
D) People with a high achievement need experience great satisfaction from success that comes by luck.
E) People with a high need for power and a low need for affiliation often make the best managers.

Answer 24

E) People with a high need for power and a low need for affiliation often make the best managers.

Question 25

Which of following needs, as detailed by Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, best corresponds to
McClelland’s need for affiliation?
A) safety
B) social
C) esteem
D) self-actualization
E) physiological

Answer 25

B) social

Question 26

Which of the following theories proposes that people prefer to feel they have control over their
actions, so anything that makes a previously enjoyed task feel more like an obligation than a freely
chosen activity will undermine motivation?
A) self-serving theory
B) motivation-hygiene theory
C) two-factor theory
D) self-determination theory
E) goal setting theory

Answer 26

D) self-determination theory

Question 27

Which of the following statements is true regarding the cognitive evaluation theory?
A) People need extrinsic rewards in order to be motivated.
B) Extrinsic rewards tend to reduce intrinsic interest in a task.
C) Intrinsic rewards are almost as effective as extrinsic rewards.
D) Externally imposed standards of work largely improve intrinsic motivation.
E) Extrinsic rewards, including verbal praise, significantly decrease intrinsic motivation.

Answer 27

B) Extrinsic rewards tend to reduce intrinsic interest in a task.

Question 28

Self-determination theory proposes that in addition to being driven by a need for autonomy, people
seek ways to achieve ________.
A) competence and positive connections
B) high rewards
C) recognition and status
D) career growth
E) power and control

Answer 28

A) competence and positive connections

Question 29

Rachel’s parents used to pay her an allowance every week to feed the cats and to do a few other
chores around the house. However, once her mother lost her job, her parents stopped giving her an
allowance. Although Rachel quit making her bed every morning, she still continued to feed the cats.
Which of the following best explains why Rachel continues to feed the cats?
A) Without the extrinsic reward, the task itself is eliminated.
B) With the extrinsic reward, the execution of the task relies on internal motivation.
C) Without the intrinsic reward, the execution of the task relies on external motivation.
D) Without the extrinsic reward, the execution of the task relies on internal motivation.
E) With the intrinsic reward, the execution of the task relies on external motivation.

Answer 29

D) Without the extrinsic reward, the execution of the task relies on internal motivation.

Question 30

The concept of ________ considers how strongly peoples’ reasons for pursuing goals are consistent
with their interests and core values.
A) self-serving bias
B) self-fulfilling prophecy
C) self-concordance
D) self-actualization
E) self-efficacy

Answer 30

C) self-concordance

Question 31

The investment of an employee’s physical, cognitive, and emotional energies into job performance is
called ________.
A) vicarious modeling
B) self-determination
C) job engagement
D) management by objectives
E) job analysis

Answer 31

C) job engagement

Question 32

Which of the following statements is true regarding goal-setting theory?
A) Goal commitment is more likely when individuals have an external locus of control.
B) Externally generated feedback is more powerful than self-generated feedback.
C) Generalized goals produce a higher level of output as compared to specific goals.
D) People do better when they get feedback on how well they are progressing toward their goals.
E) Assigned goals generate greater goal commitment in low rather than high power-distance cultures.

Answer 32

D) People do better when they get feedback on how well they are progressing toward their goals.

Question 33

According to goal-setting theory, goals are more likely to have a stronger impact on performance
when ________.
A) goals have long time frames for completion
B) tasks are complex rather than simple
C) tasks are novel rather than well learned
D) goals are easy rather than difficult
E) tasks are independent rather than interdependent

Answer 33

E) tasks are independent rather than interdependent

Question 34

MBO emphasizes goals that are ________.
A) tangible, verifiable, and measurable
B) achievable, controllable, and profitable
C) inspirational, verifiable, and creative
D) tangible, rewarding, and assigned
E) profitable, attainable, and self-set

Answer 34

A) tangible, verifiable, and measurable

Question 35

MBO provides individual employees with ________.
A) personal performance objectives
B) greater work supervision
C) predefined targets
D) generalized feedback
E) clear-cut growth paths

Answer 35

A) personal performance objectives

Question 36

Unlike in the case of goal-setting theory, MBO strongly advocates ________.
A) self-generated feedback
B) explicit time periods
C) participatively set goals
D) independent tasks
E) specific performance objectives

Answer 36

C) participatively set goals

Question 37

The ________ theory is also known as the social cognitive theory or the social learning theory.
A) two-factor
B) self-determination
C) goal-setting
D) self-efficacy
E) reinforcement

Answer 37

D) self-efficacy

Question 38

________ refers to an individual’s belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.
A) Emotional contagion
B) Affect intensity
C) Self-efficacy
D) Self-determination
E) Reinforcement

Answer 38

C) Self-efficacy

Question 39

According to Albert Bandura, the most important source of increasing self-efficacy is ________.
A) arousal
B) vicarious modeling
C) verbal persuasion
D) enactive mastery
E) cognitive learning

Answer 39

D) enactive mastery

Question 40

Which of the following sources of increasing self-efficacy involves gaining relevant experience with
a particular task or job?
A) verbal persuasion
B) enactive mastery
C) vicarious modeling
D) arousal
E) cognitive learning

Answer 40

B) enactive mastery

Question 41

One of the sources of self-efficacy is ________, becoming more confident because you see someone
else doing the task.
A) arousal
B) enactive mastery
C) visualization
D) vicarious modeling
E) verbal persuasion

Answer 41

D) vicarious modeling

Question 42

With reference to the four sources of self-efficacy as proposed by Albert Bandura, verbal persuasion
involves becoming more confident ________.
A) because you have gained relevant experience with the particular task or job
B) because you see someone else doing the particular task or job
C) because someone convinces you that you have the skills necessary to be successful
D) because you are rewarded for performing a similar task well
E) because you get energized or “psyched up” to perform the particular task or job

Answer 42

C) because someone convinces you that you have the skills necessary to be successful

Question 43

Which of the following ways of increasing self-efficacy is generally used by motivational speakers?
A) arousal
B) enactive mastery
C) focused training
D) vicarious modeling
E) verbal persuasion

Answer 43

E) verbal persuasion

Question 44

The Pygmalion effect is also called the ________ effect.
A) halo
B) self-concordance
C) Galatea
D) self-determination
E) pseudocertainty

Answer 44

C) Galatea

Question 45

The best way for a manager to use verbal persuasion is through the ________, a form of selffulfilling prophecy in which believing something can make it true.
A) confirmation bias
B) Pygmalion effect
C) anchoring bias
D) framing effect
E) Electra complex

Answer 45

B) Pygmalion effect

Question 46

A(n) ________ is any consequence, immediately following a response, that increases the probability
that the behavior will be repeated.
A) conclusion
B) reinforcer
C) goal
D) objective
E) referent

Answer 46

B) reinforcer

Question 47

The proponents of reinforcement theory view behavior as ________.
A) the result of a cognitive process
B) environmentally caused
C) a reflection of the inner state of the individual
D) a function of one’s power need
E) a product of heredity

Answer 47

B) environmentally caused

Question 48

________ argues that people learn to behave to get something they want or to avoid something they
don’t want.
A) Theory Y
B) Theory X
C) Social cognitive theory
D) Operant conditioning theory
E) McClelland’s theory of needs

Answer 48

D) Operant conditioning theory

Question 49

To get the best results while using reinforcement theory, rewards should be ________.
A) small and given only once
B) large and given at irregular intervals
C) given prior to the desired behavior response
D) given immediately following the desired behavior
E) presented publicly with a large number of witnesses

Answer 49

D) given immediately following the desired behavior

Question 50

Helen, a high school teacher, wants her students to actively participate more in class. She has
decided to use reinforcement theory to get the required results. Which of the following methods is she
most likely to use?
A) She is going to call on students who never participate.
B) She is going to yell at students, telling them that they are not making good grades.
C) She is going to ask the students that always participate to allow the others to have a chance.
D) She is going to model what active participation should look like, at the beginning of class.
E) She is going to give students an extra mark each time that they contribute.

Answer 50

E) She is going to give students an extra mark each time that they contribute.

Question 51

The concept of operant conditioning is a part of the broader concept of ________, which argues that
behavior follows stimuli in a relatively unthinking manner.
A) equity theory
B) expectancy theory
C) cognitive behavioral therapy
D) behaviorism
E) humanism

Answer 51

D) behaviorism

Question 52

What is the limitation of reinforcement theory in explaining changes in behavior?
A) It does not adequately describe the original behavior.
B) It lays too much emphasis on feelings and attitudes.
C) Most behavior is, in fact, environmentally caused.
D) It ignores the effect of rewards and punishments on behavior.
E) It does not recognize the effect of cognitive variables.

Answer 52

E) It does not recognize the effect of cognitive variables.

Question 53

According to social learning theory, which of the following processes demonstrates whether an
individual is capable of performing the modeled activities?
A) attentional process
B) retention process
C) motor reproduction process
D) reinforcement process
E) motivation process

Answer 53

C) motor reproduction process

Question 54

George is trying to teach his two-year old son to gently caress their cat. George softly strokes the
animal and every time his son does the same, he rewards him with kind words like “good job!” The child
is very attentive during the process and claps his hands when his father praises him. However, as soon as
George leaves, the boy lunges for the cat and grabs it by the tail. Which process of social-learning theory
is failing?
A) attentional processes
B) justification processes
C) retention processes
D) motor reproduction processes
E) reinforcement processes

Answer 54

C) retention processes

Question 55

In equity theory, individuals assess the ________.
A) cost-benefit ratio
B) efficiency-effectiveness trade-off
C) quantity-quality trade-off
D) outcome-input ratio
E) quality of outcome

Answer 55

D) outcome-input ratio

Question 56

Karen graduated from college four years ago and has been working at Betaphy Inc. ever since. She
has consistently received good performance evaluations for the quality of her work. She recently found
out that her company hired a fresh college graduate with no experience at a salary higher than hers.
Which of the following theories will Karen most likely use to evaluate this situation?
A) reinforcement
B) goal setting
C) equity
D) expectancy
E) operant conditioning

Answer 56

C) equity

Question 57

According to the equity theory, there are four referent comparisons. The referent comparison known
as other-inside refers to ________.
A) an employee’s experiences in a different position inside the employee’s current organization
B) an employee’s experiences in a different position outside the employee’s current organization
C) another individual or group of individuals inside the employee’s organization
D) an employee’s experiences in a similar position outside the employee’s current organization
E) another individual or group of individuals outside the employee’s organization

Answer 57

C) another individual or group of individuals inside the employee’s organization

Question 58

Self-inside, one of the four referent comparisons in the equity theory, refers to ________.
A) an employee’s experiences in a different position inside the employee’s current organization
B) an employee’s experiences in a different position outside the employee’s current organization
C) another individual or group of individuals inside the employee’s organization
D) an employee’s experiences in a similar position outside the employee’s current organization
E) another individual or group of individuals outside the employee’s organization

Answer 58

A) an employee’s experiences in a different position inside the employee’s current organization

Question 59

Other-outside is a referent comparison that refers to ________.
A) an employee’s experiences in a similar position outside the employee’s current organization
B) another individual or group of individuals inside the employee’s organization
C) an employee’s experiences in a different position inside the employee’s current organization
D) another individual or group of individuals outside the employee’s organization
E) an employee’s experiences in a different position outside the employee’s current organization

Answer 59

D) another individual or group of individuals outside the employee’s organization

Question 60

Jim is a salaried employee whose job is to develop content for online web sites. He discovers that he
is paid substantially more than his colleagues, even though their jobs and levels of performance are very
similar. According to the equity theory, what impact is this discovery most likely to have on his
behavior and performance?
A) He will reduce the amount of work that he does on a daily basis.
B) He will compare his earnings to those of another group of employees.
C) He will increase his productivity and/or the overall quality of his work.
D) He will seek a position within the company commensurate with his pay.
E) He will begin to look for a position outside of the company.

Answer 60

C) He will increase his productivity and/or the overall quality of his work.

Question 61

Following this discovery, Megan starts coming to work late and her productivity begins to suffer.
Which of the following is most similar to the scenario mentioned above?
A) Dawn starts coming to work early and stays late once she learns that the mid-term review is around
the corner.
B) Greg believes he works harder than any of the other members in his department as they often leave
the office before him.
C) Lisa starts working longer hours after learning that her co-workers earn less than she does for the
same work.
D) Myrtle produces a higher number of units to compensate for the lower quality of her output.
E) Beth submits her resignation after she was passed over for promotion for the second time.

Answer 61

C) Lisa starts working longer hours after learning that her co-workers earn less than she does for the
same work.

Question 62

Which of the following, if true, would strengthen the argument that Megan is trying to gain a sense
of equity by distorting her perception of herself?
A) She thinks that her colleague is paid more because she is an Ivy League graduate.
B) She believes that she is less-capable than her colleague.
C) She assumes that her colleague received a higher package due to changes in industry standards.
D) She believes that her salary is not commensurate with her skills and experience.
E) She believes that she is doing a lot better career-wise compared to the people with whom she
graduated.

Answer 62

B) She believes that she is less-capable than her colleague.

Question 63

Which of the following, if true, would strengthen the argument that Megan is trying to gain a sense
of equity by changing her inputs?
A) She asks her boss for a raise, citing her years of experience with the company.
B) She claims that extrinsic rewards make work seem like a chore and less enjoyable.
C) She accepts additional responsibilities but fails to carry them out effectively.
D) She takes long breaks from work and shirks her responsibilities.
E) She constantly interrupts her colleague, refusing to let her get any work done.

Answer 63

D) She takes long breaks from work and shirks her responsibilities.

Question 64

Jackie thinks that she is paid a lot less than other employees in her division and feels extremely
resentful. She starts taking long breaks and generally wastes time. Her actions resulted from a perceived
lack of ________ justice.
A) interactional
B) interpersonal
C) procedural
D) distributive
E) associative

Answer 64

D) distributive

Question 65

Edith believes that the methods for determining salary hikes and bonuses in her company are
extremely unfair. In this case, Edith perceives a lack of ________ justice.
A) interpersonal
B) distributive
C) associative
D) procedural
E) interactional

Answer 65

D) procedural

Question 66

Which of the following types of justice relates most strongly to job satisfaction, employee trust,
withdrawal from the organization, job performance, and citizenship behaviors?
A) associative justice
B) interactional justice
C) distributive justice
D) procedural justice
E) integrative justice

Answer 66

D) procedural justice

Question 67

Why do people who perceive themselves as victims of interactional injustice often blame their
immediate supervisor rather than the organization at large?
A) Interactional justice or injustice is intimately tied to the conveyer of the information.
B) Interactional injustice usually occurs during face-to-face encounters.
C) When people are not treated with respect they tend to retaliate against those closest at hand.
D) Interactional injustice is in the eyes of those who perceive they are disrespected.
E) Interactional injustice is most often the result of the impersonal policies of the organization.

Answer 67

A) Interactional justice or injustice is intimately tied to the conveyer of the information.

Question 68

Which of the following theories discusses three relationships: effort-performance relationship,
performance-reward relationship, and rewards-personal goals relationship?
A) goal-setting theory
B) self-efficacy theory
C) equity theory
D) expectancy theory
E) self-determination theory

Answer 68

D) expectancy theory

Question 69

Logan is an employee who processes health insurance forms. Initially he was criticized by his
supervisor for sloppy work, but thereafter he improved considerably. Now he consistently processes his
forms without errors and even does more than his fair share of work. However, Logan’s supervisor has
not responded to the extra effort he has put in, giving him no praise or monetary benefits. This leads
Logan to believe that his supervisor is biased against him. According to the expectancy theory, in this
situation, there is a problem in the ________ relationship.
A) rewards-personal goals
B) performance-awareness
C) performance-reward
D) performance-objectives
E) performance-achievement

Answer 69

C) performance-reward

Question 70

Oscar is looking for a new job. He used to be the company’s top sales representative and was eagerly
expecting to be promoted. However, one of the regional manager’s friends was promoted to district
manager instead. According to the expectancy theory, Oscar’s dissatisfaction with his current job stems
from a breakdown in the ________ relationship.
A) performance-reward
B) effort-performance
C) reward-personal goal
D) satisfaction-effort
E) personal goal-self actualization

Answer 70

A) performance-reward

Question 71

According to the expectancy theory, the performance-reward relationship is the degree to which
________.
A) the individual believes performing at a particular level will lead to desired outcomes
B) organizational rewards satisfy an individual’s personal goals or needs
C) organizational rewards are perceived as attractive by the individual
D) the individual believes that exerting a given amount of effort will lead to performance
E) organization rewards correspond with the individual’s level of effort

Answer 71

A) the individual believes performing at a particular level will lead to desired outcomes

Question 72

Mark is an excellent technical writer. He has never missed a deadline and all his projects are of
superior quality. He now wants to telecommute two days a week, so that he can spend more time with
his family. He feels that he has proven his reliability. However, his boss is unable to comply with his
request and gives him a substantial raise instead. According to the expectancy theory, Mark’s
disappointment demonstrates a breakdown in the ________ relationship.
A) performance-reward
B) effort-performance
C) rewards-personal goals
D) effort-satisfaction
E) performance-achievement

Answer 72

C) rewards-personal goals

Question 73

With reference to the expectancy theory, which of the following examples indicates a weak rewardspersonal goals relationship?
A) An employee lacks the skills required to reach the desired performance level.
B) An organization’s appraisal system assesses nonperformance factors such as creativity and initiative.
C) An organization rewards its employees based on factors such as seniority and skill level.
D) An employee believes that his manager does not like him and hence expects a poor appraisal.
E) An employee works hard in order to be relocated to the Paris office but instead is transferred to
Beijing.

Answer 73

E) An employee works hard in order to be relocated to the Paris office but instead is transferred to
Beijing.

Question 74

If a manager incorrectly assumes that all employees want the same thing, then according to the
expectancy theory, it is most likely to result in a weak ________ relationship.
A) performance-achievement
B) effort-performance
C) performance-reward
D) rewards-personal goals
E) effort-satisfaction

Answer 74

D) rewards-personal goals

Question 75

Motivation is defined as the processes that account for an individual’s intensity, direction, and
persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.

Answer 75

TRUE

Question 76

According to Maslow, a need that is substantially satisfied no longer motivates.

Answer 76

T

Question 77

According to Maslow, lower-order needs are satisfied internally while higher-order needs are
satisfied externally.

Answer 77

F

Question 78

Under Theory Y, managers believe that employees inherently dislike work and must therefore be
directed or even coerced into performing it.

Answer 78

F

Question 79

According to Herzberg, the opposite of “satisfaction” is “dissatisfaction.”

Answer 79

F

Question 80

According to the two-factor theory, adequate hygiene factors provide job satisfaction.

Answer 80

F

Question 81

McClelland’s theory of needs proposes that the factors that lead to job satisfaction are separate and
distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction.

Answer 81

F

Question 82

According to McClelland’s theory of needs, when jobs have a high degree of personal responsibility
and feedback and an intermediate degree of risk, high achievers are strongly motivated.

Answer 82

T

Question 83

People who pursue goals for intrinsic reasons are more likely to attain their goals and are happy even
if they do not.

Answer 83

T

Question 84

According to goal-setting theory, a specific goal will produce a higher level of output than a
generalized goal.

Answer 84

T

Question 85

Self-generated feedback is a more powerful motivator than externally generated feedback.

Answer 85

T

Question 86

Goal-setting theory strongly advocates participation in decision making, whereas MBO
demonstrates that managers’ assigned goals are usually just as effective.

Answer 86

F

Question 87

Self-efficacy refers to an individual’s belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.

Answer 87

T

Question 88

The lower your self-efficacy, the more confidence you have in your ability to succeed.

Answer 88

F

Question 89

Individuals low in self-efficacy respond to negative feedback with increased effort and motivation.

Answer 89

F

Question 89

Goal-setting theory takes a behavioristic approach whereas reinforcement theory takes a cognitive
approach

Answer 89

F

Question 90

Underpayment and overpayment, according to equity theory, tend to produce similar reactions to
correct the inequities.

Answer 90

F

Question 91

Procedural justice refers to the perceived fairness of the method used to determine the distribution of
rewards.

Answer 91

T

Question 92

Interactional justice refers to an individual’s perception of the degree to which she/he is treated with
dignity, concern, and respect.

Answer 92

T

Question 93

Workers around the world prefer rewards based on seniority over rewards based on performance and
skills.

Answer 93

F