CH16 (test bank)

Question 1

Manuel is a manager for a manufacturing company in which managers are expected to fully document
all decisions, and it is important to provide detailed data to support any recommendations. Also, out-ofthe-box thinking is dissuaded. Which characteristic of organizational culture describes this aspect of
Manuel’s job?
A) low team orientation
B) high aggressiveness
C) low risk taking
D) low outcome orientation
E) high people orientation

Answer 1

C) low risk taking

Question 2

Danny’s boss is apathetic to whether Danny works at home, at the office, or from his beach house. All
he cares about is that the project is completed on time, on budget, and with exemplary quality. Which
characteristic of organizational culture describes this aspect of Danny’s job?
A) low risk taking
B) high outcome orientation
C) high attention to detail
D) low aggressiveness
E) high stability

Answer 2

B) high outcome orientation

Question 3

Which of the following characteristics of an organization’s culture indicates the degree to which
management decisions take into consideration the effect of outcomes on employees within the
organization?
A) attention to detail
B) outcome orientation
C) team orientation
D) people orientation
E) stability

Answer 3

D) people orientation

Question 4

“Stability” is one of the seven primary characteristics that captures the essence of an organization’s
culture. It indicates the degree to which ________.
A) employees are encouraged to be innovative and take risks
B) management focuses on results or outcomes rather than on the techniques and processes used to
achieve them
C) management decisions take into consideration the effect of outcomes on people within the
organization
D) work activities are organized around teams rather than individuals
E) organizational activities emphasize maintaining the status quo in contrast to growth

Answer 4

E) organizational activities emphasize maintaining the status quo in contrast to growth

Question 5

The key characteristic of organizational culture that addresses the degree to which people are
competitive rather than easygoing is termed ________.
A) assertiveness
B) team orientation
C) aversiveness
D) risk taking
E) aggressiveness

Answer 5

E) aggressiveness

Question 6

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between organizational culture and
job satisfaction?
A) Job satisfaction depends upon the level of “power distance” in the country but organizational culture
does not.
B) Organizational culture is static, whereas job satisfaction is dynamic.
C) Job satisfaction is immeasurable, whereas organizational culture is measurable.
D) Organizational culture is descriptive, whereas job satisfaction is evaluative.
E) Job satisfaction depends on the structure of the organization but organizational culture does not.

Answer 6

D) Organizational culture is descriptive, whereas job satisfaction is evaluative.

Question 7

Porco Rosso, an aircraft manufacturer with a strong presence in the United States, is looking to
expand its market overseas. The firm currently sells its aircraft to several airlines in the United
Kingdom, but now wants to establish manufacturing units there as well in order to acquire a bigger share
in the European market. Hence, it plans to merge with QueenAir, a British aircraft manufacturer. Which
of the following, if true, would weaken the company’s decision to merge with QueenAir?
A) Merging with QueenAir would increase its profits considerably.
B) There is increasing economic uncertainty in its U.S. market.
C) The preferences of airline customers in Europe and the U.S. are similar.
D) There is a striking difference in the organizational cultures of the two firms.
E) A competitor in the U.S. market recently went out of business.

Answer 7

D) There is a striking difference in the organizational cultures of the two firms.

Question 8

Which of the following statements is true regarding an organization’s culture?
A) Organizational culture is evaluative rather than descriptive.
B) Large organizations rarely have subcultures.
C) A dominant culture expresses the core values shared by a majority of the organization’s members.
D) A strong culture reduces employee satisfaction and increases employee turnover.
E) Subcultures and dominant cultures do not share any common values.

Answer 8

C) A dominant culture expresses the core values shared by a majority of the organization’s members

Question 9

Cultures that tend to develop in large organizations to reflect common problems or experiences faced
by the members in the same department or location are often called ________.
A) micro-cultures
B) subcultures
C) divisional cultures
D) microcosms
E) countercultures

Answer 9

B) subcultures

Question 10

Jean works for Fahrenheit Publishing which is a publisher of scientific journals. The company is
dominated by low risk taking and high attention to detail. Jean’s department is committed to high team
orientation and provides many team-building activities in which Jean and other department members
work together and socialize. Which of the following statements best describes Jean’s department?
A) Jeans department is an example of a primary microcosm.
B) Jean’s department’s culture is stronger than the dominant culture in the organization.
C) Jean’s department has developed a subculture.
D) Jean’s department’s culture is undefined.
E) Jean’s department’s culture has low stability.

Answer 10

C) Jean’s department has developed a subculture.

Question 11

________ are indicators of a strong organizational culture.
A) High levels of dissension
B) High rates of employee turnover
C) Completely horizontal organizational charts
D) Narrowly defined roles
E) Widely shared values

Answer 11

E) Widely shared values

Question 12

The primary or dominant values that are accepted throughout the organization are known as
________.
A) foundational traits
B) core values
C) shared values
D) institutional traits
E) unique values

Answer 12

B) core values

Question 13

Which of the following is most likely to result from a strong organizational culture?
A) low employee turnover
B) low employee satisfaction
C) low organizational commitment
D) high absenteeism
E) low behavioral control resulting from the climate within the organization

Answer 13

A) low employee turnover

Question 14

A strong culture can act as a substitute for which of the following?
A) institutionalization
B) formalization
C) socialization
D) centralization
E) social support

Answer 14

B) formalization

Question 14

A strong culture should reduce employee turnover, because it results in ________.
A) a highly centralized organization
B) narrow spans of control
C) cohesiveness and organizational commitment
D) a highly formalized organization
E) an outcome-oriented organization

Answer 14

C) cohesiveness and organizational commitment

Question 15

A culture that expresses the core values that are shared by a majority of the organization’s members
is known as a(n) ________ culture.
A) dominant
B) primary
C) fundamental
D) unique
E) essential

Answer 15

A) dominant

Question 16

The organizational culture of Rogue Vogue Corp. is an example of a(n) ________.
A) autocratic culture
B) subculture
C) highly formalized culture
D) reflective culture
E) dominant culture

Answer 16

E) dominant culture

Question 17

Aggressiveness, innovation, and risk taking are called the ________ of the culture at the Rogue
Vogue Corp.
A) foundational values
B) institutional traits
C) core values
D) significant traits
E) unique values

Answer 17

C) core values

Question 18

In addition to the organizational culture, the finance department emphasizes attention to detail. In
this example, attention to detail is a part of the ________ of the organization.
A) core values
B) significant traits
C) dominant culture
D) foundational values
E) subculture

Answer 18

E) subculture

Question 19

Based on the information in the example, we can say that Rogue Vogue ________.
A) is a highly decentralized organization
B) is a virtual organization
C) has a strong culture
D) is a boundaryless organization
E) is a matrix organization

Answer 19

C) has a strong culture

Question 20

Which of the following statements is true regarding the functions of culture in an organization?
A) It hinders the generation of commitment to something larger than individual self-interest among
employees.
B) It conveys a sense of identity for organization members.
C) It reduces the stability of the organizational system.
D) It reduces distinctions between one organization and others.
E) It does not affect employees’ attitudes and behavior.

Answer 20

B) It conveys a sense of identity for organization members.

Question 21

When formal authority and control systems are reduced, the ________ provided by a strong culture
ensures that everyone is pointed in the same direction.
A) rules and regulations
B) shared meaning
C) rituals
D) socialization
E) rigid hierarchy

Answer 21

B) shared meaning

Question 22

In ________ organizations, the lack of frequent face-to-face contact makes establishing a common
set of norms very difficult.
A) highly formalized
B) boundaryless
C) virtual
D) matrix
E) highly centralized

Answer 22

C) virtual

Question 23

Which of the following statements is true regarding the establishment of the organizational culture
and its effects on the organization?
A) Today’s trend toward decentralized organizations makes it is easier to establish a strong culture.
B) In a virtual organization a strong culture can be established quickly and easily.
C) Employees organized in teams always show greater allegiance to the values of the organization as a
whole than to their team and its values.
D) Culture acts as a control mechanism and guides the behavior of employees.
E) Cultures reduce the stability of the social system in an organization.

Answer 23

D) Culture acts as a control mechanism and guides the behavior of employees.

Question 24

________ refers to the shared perceptions organizational members have about their organization and
work environment.
A) Organizational climate
B) Institutionalization
C) Microcosm
D) Groupthink
E) Organizational apprehension

Answer 24

A) Organizational climate

Question 25

Grace works for a pet store where everyone is committed to the happiness of the animals. Often
employees, bosses, and hourly workers alike, come into the store “off the clock” and spend time training
the animals. Everyone loves the store, the animals, and their jobs. This attitude of her co-workers
inspires Grace to do her best. Based on this information, we can say that Grace is experiencing the
effects of ________.
A) decentralization
B) organizational climate
C) high departmentalization
D) low formalization
E) high work specialization

Answer 25

B) organizational climate

Question 26

A(n) ________ organization is an organization that takes on a life of its own, apart from its founders
or members and is valued for itself and not for the goods or services it produces.
A) virtual
B) matrix
C) boundaryless
D) institutionalized
E) centralized

Answer 26

D) institutionalized

Question 27

Rainbow Corp. hires a new secretary, Polonova, who differs from the vast majority of the company’s
employees in terms of her ethnicity. The company has a collectivist culture with a culturally diverse
workforce and several policies to support the minorities. Yet after a few weeks, she quits the company.
Which of the following, if true, helps explain why she quit?
A) Rainbow Corp. recently had a huge turnover and plans to expand its market.
B) All secretaries, regardless of their gender, are paid equal salaries at Rainbow Corp.
C) Polonova is gregarious and comfortable in changing contexts and ambiguous situations.
D) Polonova has a strong sense of personal ambition and independence.
E) Polonova is more likely to conform to others’ ideas and opinions rather than come up with her own.

Answer 27

D) Polonova has a strong sense of personal ambition and independence.

Question 28

Culture is most likely to be a liability when ________.
A) the employees of the organization are highly skilled
B) the organization’s environment is dynamic
C) the organization’s management is highly efficient
D) the organization is highly centralized
E) the organization scores low on the degree of formalization

Answer 28

B) the organization’s environment is dynamic

Question 29

The ultimate source of an organization’s culture is ________.
A) its top management
B) its environment
C) the country in which the organization operates
D) its founders
E) the sociocultural backgrounds of its employees

Answer 29

D) its founders

Question 30

The ________ process helps candidates learn about the organization, and if employees perceive a
conflict between their values and those of the organization, they can remove themselves from the
applicant pool.
A) orientation
B) training
C) performance evaluation
D) selection
E) institutionalization

Answer 30

D) selection

Question 31

Stacy’s, a chain of discount stores in Washington, employs thousands of people and pays most of
them at the minimum wage rate. Following a federally mandated increase of the minimum wage rate,
Stacy’s operating costs increased considerably. Yet, the chain’s profits increased markedly. Which of the
following, if true, helps explain this situation?
A) Stacy’s plans to expand its market by opening stores in the states of Oregon, Idaho and Nevada.
B) Recently, two new competitors entered the market.
C) Stacy’s operating costs, other than wages, increased substantially after the increase in the minimum
wage rate went into effect.
D) Over half of Stacy’s operating costs consist of payroll expenditures; yet only a small percentage of
those expenditures go to pay management salaries.
E) Stacy’s customer base is made up primarily of people who earn a minimum wage or who depend on
the earnings of others who earn a minimum wage.

Answer 31

E) Stacy’s customer base is made up primarily of people who earn a minimum wage or who depend on
the earnings of others who earn a minimum wage.

Question 32

The selection process helps sustain the organization’s culture by ________.
A) establishing and enforcing norms
B) hiring candidates who fit well within the organization
C) socializing the new employees
D) developing performance evaluation criteria
E) rewarding conformity

Answer 32

B) hiring candidates who fit well within the organization

Question 33

Top management has a major impact on the organization’s culture by ________.
A) establishing norms that filter down through the organization
B) ensuring a proper match of personal and organizational values
C) socializing new applicants in the pre-hiring phase
D) providing a framework for metamorphosis of new hires
E) properly rewarding employees’ initiatives

Answer 33

A) establishing norms that filter down through the organization

Question 34

________ is a process that helps new employees adapt to the prevailing organizational culture.
A) Satisficing
B) Reciprocal interdependence
C) Socialization
D) Formalization
E) Social loafing

Answer 34

C) Socialization

Question 35

The process of socialization consists of three stages. Which of the following is one of these three
stages?
A) metamorphosis
B) preencounter
C) evaluation
D) post-arrival
E) post-encounter

Answer 35

A) metamorphosis

Question 36

Identify the correct order of stages in the socialization process.
A) encounter, metamorphosis, post-encounter
B) prearrival, arrival, evaluation
C) prearrival, arrival, post-arrival
D) prearrival, encounter, metamorphosis
E) metamorphosis, preencounter, arrival

Answer 36

D) prearrival, encounter, metamorphosis

Question 37

The ________ stage of the socialization process explicitly recognizes that each individual the
organization comes across during the selection process has a set of values, attitudes, and expectations
about both the work to be done and the organization.
A) post-encounter
B) prearrival
C) metamorphosis
D) preencounter
E) post-arrival

Answer 37

B) prearrival

Question 38

During the ________ stage, a new employee compares her expectations with the realities in the
organization.
A) prearrival
B) encounter
C) metamorphosis
D) post-arrival
E) post-encounter

Answer 38

B) encounter

Question 39

If there is a basic conflict between the individual’s expectations and the reality of working in an
organization, the employee is most likely to be disillusioned and quit during the ________ stage of
socialization.
A) prearrival
B) post-arrival
C) encounter
D) metamorphosis
E) post-encounter

Answer 39

C) encounter

Question 40

Higgins has recently joined a new law firm expecting to participate in exciting environmental law
cases and cutting edge research. After one month at the firm, he still hasn’t been assigned a case and
spends most of his time filing standardized appeals for title disputes with insurance companies. In which
stage of the socialization process is Higgins?
A) prearrival
B) encounter
C) metamorphosis
D) post-encounter
E) post-arrival

Answer 40

B) encounter

Question 41

During the socialization process, to work out any problems discovered during the encounter stage,
the new member changes or goes through the ________ stage.
A) post-arrival
B) metamorphosis
C) post-encounter
D) analysis
E) evaluation

Answer 41

B) metamorphosis

Question 42

Which of the following statements is true regarding random socialization?
A) Random socialization tries to strip away certain characteristics of the recruit.
B) Random socialization is carried out per a fixed time schedule.
C) In random socialization, new employees are left on their own to figure things out.
D) Random socialization involves socializing the newcomers in groups.
E) Specific orientation and classroom training programs are examples of random socialization.

Answer 42

C) In random socialization, new employees are left on their own to figure things out.

Question 43

Which of the following types of socialization involves putting the new employee directly into the
job, with little or no special attention?
A) investiture socialization
B) serial socialization
C) collective socialization
D) fixed socialization
E) informal socialization

Answer 43

E) informal socialization

Question 44

________ socialization assumes that the newcomer’s qualities and qualifications are the necessary
ingredients for job success, so these qualities and qualifications are confirmed and supported.
A) Variable
B) Collective
C) Serial
D) Investiture
E) Formal

Answer 44

D) Investiture

Question 45

Which of the following statements is true about formal socialization?
A) Formal socialization involves socializing the new members individually.
B) Specific orientation and training programs are examples of formal socialization.
C) Apprenticeship and mentoring programs are examples of formal socialization.
D) Formal socialization lacks a fixed time schedule.
E) In formal socialization, new employees are left on their own to figure things out.

Answer 45

B) Specific orientation and training programs are examples of formal socialization.

Question 46

________ socialization tries to strip away certain characteristics of the recruit.
A) Random
B) Fixed
C) Collective
D) Divestiture
E) Formal

Answer 46

D) Divestiture

Question 47

Apprenticeship is an example of ________ socialization.
A) divestiture
B) variable
C) serial
D) informal
E) investiture

Answer 47

C) serial

Question 48

By the end of the ________ stage of socialization, the new members internalize and accept the
norms of the organization and their work group, are confident in their competence, and feel trusted and
valued by their peers.
A) encounter
B) post-arrival
C) establishment
D) metamorphosis
E) adaptation

Answer 48

D) metamorphosis

Question 49

Your first day at work is a part of the ________ stage of socialization.
A) orientation
B) prearrival
C) encounter
D) metamorphosis
E) post-encounter

Answer 49

C) encounter

Question 50

When you begin to notice things that are not as you expected, you are in the ________ stage of
socialization.
A) orientation
B) prearrival
C) encounter
D) metamorphosis
E) post-arrival

Answer 50

C) encounter

Question 51

Which of the following steps could your supervisor take to best help you develop a commitment to
your new company?
A) encourage you to work independently at first to learn the ropes
B) explain the rules and policies of the organization to you
C) discourage you from putting too much emphasis on your perception of the organization
D) encourage you to look carefully at your own assumptions, which may be biased
E) encourage you to develop friendship ties within the organization

Answer 51

E) encourage you to develop friendship ties within the organization

Question 52

When you start to accept the differences between your expectations and the reality of the
organization, you move into the ________ stage of socialization.
A) prearrival
B) post-arrival
C) acceptance
D) metamorphosis
E) post-encounter

Answer 52

D) metamorphosis

Question 53

Your supervisor provides you a mentor to help you with your work and guide you. This shows that
your supervisor is using a(n) ________ socialization technique.
A) divestiture
B) random
C) informal
D) serial
E) variable

Answer 53

D) serial

Question 54

________ typically contain narratives about the organization’s founders, rule breaking, or reactions
to past mistakes.
A) Stories
B) Material symbols
C) Rituals
D) Organizational charts
E) Corporate chants

Answer 54

A) Stories

Question 55

Bruce is new at Wayne Corp., but after a week he already knows that the founder of the corporation
started the business in his garage with only $4,000 and one client. This information was most likely
transmitted to Bruce by way of ________.
A) stories
B) material symbols
C) rituals
D) organizational charts
E) corporate chants

Answer 55

A) stories

Question 56

Company chants are examples of ________.
A) rituals
B) material symbols
C) stories
D) company policies
E) business strategies

Answer 56

A) rituals

Question 57

Company chants are used to ________.
A) inform employees about changes in rules and policies
B) transmit company culture to employees
C) inform employees about latest technologies
D) communicate company strategies to the employees
E) update employees regarding performance of the company

Answer 57

B) transmit company culture to employees

Question 58

Which of the following can act as a common denominator to unite members of a given culture or
subculture?
A) mechanistic organizational structure
B) 360-degree appraisals
C) jargons and acronyms that are specific to the organization
D) bureaucratic organizational structure
E) narrow span of control

Answer 58

C) jargons and acronyms that are specific to the organization

Question 59

Alcoa headquarters has few individual offices, even for senior executives. The space is essentially
made up of cubicles, common areas, and meeting rooms. This informality conveys to employees that
Alcoa values ________.
A) autocracy
B) competitiveness
C) rigidity
D) equality
E) formalization

Answer 59

D) equality

Question 59

The regular distribution of lollipops, toys, or treats every Friday is an example of a ________ that
helps reinforce AskSocrates’ culture.
A) dominant mechanism
B) ritual
C) primary process
D) protective mechanism
E) fundamental procedure

Answer 59

B) ritual

Question 60

AskSocrates Inc. employees are allowed to dress informally. This is an example of a ________
through which organizational culture is transmitted.
A) primary procedure
B) ritual
C) material symbol
D) symbolic act
E) fundamental mechanism

Answer 60

C) material symbol

Question 61

An organizational culture most likely to shape high ethical standards among its members is one that
________.
A) is low in risk tolerance
B) is high in aggressiveness
C) focuses only on outcomes
D) takes a short-term perspective
E) balances the rights of multiple stakeholders

Answer 61

E) balances the rights of multiple stakeholders

Question 62

When Mary joins Wayne Enterprises, she is made to sign an agreement including the “non-compete
clause” (an agreement where the employee promises not to work for a competing firm for a set period
after leaving his or her current employer), as a condition of her employment. Though courts nowadays
are increasingly ruling that these agreements are not binding, most competitor firms are unwilling to
consider hiring Mary during the period covered by the agreement. Which of the following, if true,
explains this situation?
A) Most people who have signed such agreements are willing to renege on a promise by going to work
for a competing firm.
B) The companies’ main source of new employees tends to be people who are already employed by
competing firms.
C) Most companies that require their employees to sign agreements not to compete are aware that these
documents are not legally binding.
D) Most companies will not risk getting involved in lawsuits, even suits that they expect to have a
favorable outcome.
E) Most companies consider their employees’ established relationships with clients and other people
outside the company to be valuable company assets.

Answer 62

D) Most companies will not risk getting involved in lawsuits, even suits that they expect to have a
favorable outcome.

Question 63

Pam works for a corporation that recently fired three top managers who were caught using the
company credit cards to lavishly furnish their offices and even purchase “office” furniture that was
found in their personal homes. Which method of maintaining an ethical culture is Pam’s company
pursuing?
A) serve as a visible role model
B) communicate ethical expectations
C) provide ethical training
D) visibly punish unethical acts
E) provide protective mechanisms

Answer 63

D) visibly punish unethical acts

Question 64

A positive organizational culture emphasizes ________.
A) the use of negative reinforcement and punishment
B) the use of rituals in transmitting organizational culture
C) individual vitality and growth
D) the significance of highly centralized management
E) organizational standardization and institutionalization

Answer 64

C) individual vitality and growth

Question 65

Larry has an employee who is amazing at clearly seeing rules and enforcing them. He has recently
promoted her to the lead position in quality assurance. Which method of creating a positive
organizational culture is Larry utilizing?
A) rewarding more than punishing
B) building on organization strengths
C) using standardized practices
D) building on employee strengths
E) transmitting organizational culture through rituals

Answer 65

D) building on employee strengths

Question 66

Patricia is a team leader. When looking at an e-mail from one of her team members, Patricia noticed
that the e-mail was sent at nine-thirty in the evening. The next day she personally went to the employee’s
cubicle and told him how much she appreciated him staying late to get the project to the client on time.
Which aspect of creating a positive organizational culture is Patricia utilizing?
A) rewarding more than punishing
B) building on organization strengths
C) emphasizing individual growth
D) building on employee strengths
E) providing extrinsic rewards

Answer 66

A) rewarding more than punishing

Question 67

Liz is the lead editor for a small, city newspaper. One of her advertising sales representatives is
pulling in a lot of restaurant clients. Liz realizes that the representative is quite knowledgeable about
food and speaks quite elegantly when describing different dishes. She has begun discussing with the
representative the possibility of collaborating with a writer to include a weekly restaurant review, which
includes the representative on the byline. After the first couple of reviews, the representative is able to
increase ad sizes and sales. He is very happy with his new job diversification. Which aspect of creating a
positive organizational culture is Liz utilizing?
A) rewarding more than punishing
B) building on organization strengths
C) emphasizing individual vitality and growth
D) creating loose management oversight
E) using narrow spans of control

Answer 67

C) emphasizing individual vitality and growth

Question 68

Organizations that promote a spiritual culture ________.
A) use stories for transmitting the organizational culture to the employees
B) use wide spans of control
C) recognize that people seek to find meaning and purpose in their work
D) de-emphasize community differences within the organization
E) tend to downplay the importance of employee satisfaction

Answer 68

C) recognize that people seek to find meaning and purpose in their work

Question 69

Which of the following terms refers to the recognition that people have an inner life that nourishes
and is nourished by meaningful work that takes place in the context of community?
A) dominant culture
B) fundamental mechanism
C) workplace spirituality
D) outcome orientation
E) subculture

Answer 69

C) workplace spirituality

Question 70

How can U.S. managers be culturally sensitive?
A) by indulging in frequent discussions about religion
B) by discussing politics frequently
C) by listening more
D) by speaking quickly
E) by talking in a high tone of voice

Answer 70

C) by listening more

Question 71

All societies are divided into several economic roles. The values of a society are embodied in the
people who fill various economic roles. Therefore, the introduction of labor saving technology like
automation makes certain economic roles obsolete. This tends to undermine the values in that society.
Which of the following can be concluded on the basis of the information above?
A) If societies are shielded from technological advancement, they will possess unchanging values.
B) Technology cannot eliminate economic roles in a society whose values are insusceptible to change.
C) Technology doesn’t undermine the values in a social system.
D) A technologically advanced society will eliminate all values on the prestige associated with an
economic role.
E) A technological innovation that is implemented in a society foreign to the one in which it was
developed will tend to undermine the society in which it is developed.

Answer 71

B) Technology cannot eliminate economic roles in a society whose values are insusceptible to change.

Question 72

Which of the following statements is true regarding effects of national culture on organizational
culture and ethical behavior within organization?
A) As compared to managers in the United States, managers in developing economies are less likely to
see ethical decisions as embedded in a social environment.
B) Organizations can safely ignore local culture while establishing its operation in another country.
C) Generally, U.S. managers see bribery, nepotism, and favoring personal contacts as highly unethical.
D) Organizational cultures rarely reflect national culture.
E) Most U.S. managers do not view profit maximization as a moral obligation

Answer 72

C) Generally, U.S. managers see bribery, nepotism, and favoring personal contacts as highly unethical.

Question 73

Aggressiveness is one of the seven primary characteristics of organizational culture that capture the
essence of an organization’s culture. It indicates the degree to which employees are encouraged to be
innovative and take risks.

Answer 73

F

Question 74

Attention to detail is a primary characteristic of an organization’s culture that indicates the degree to
which management focuses on results or outcomes rather than on the techniques and processes used to
achieve them

Answer 74

F

Question 75

Individuals with different backgrounds or at different levels in the organization will tend to describe
the organization’s culture in similar terms.

Answer 75

T

Question 76

Subcultures act to undermine the dominant culture.

Answer 76

F

Question 77

A dominant culture expresses the core values a majority of members share and that give the
organization its distinct personality

Answer 77

T

Question 78

A strong culture tends to reduce employee turnover.

Answer 78

T

Question 79

The stronger an organization’s culture, the more management should be concerned with developing
formal rules and regulations to guide employee behavior.

Answer 79

F

Question 80

In virtual organizations, it is difficult to establish a common set of norms.

Answer 80

T

Question 81

Culture facilitates commitment to something larger than individual self-interest.

Answer 81

T

Question 82

A strong culture tends to be a liability for an organization when its environment is undergoing rapid
change

Answer 82

T

Question 83

During the metamorphosis stage of the socialization process, a new employee compares her
expectations з about the job, co-workers, the boss, and the organization in general з with the reality in
the organization.

Answer 83

F

Question 83

The encounter stage of the socialization process consists of the period of learning that occurs before
a new employee joins an organization.

Answer 83

F

Question 84

Serial socialization is characterized by the use of role models who train and encourage a newcomer.

Answer 84

T

Question 85

Formal socialization involves putting the new employee directly into the job, with little or no special
attention

Answer 85

F

Question 86

The more management relies on formal, collective, sequential, fixed, and serial socialization
programs and emphasize divestiture, the more likely newcomers’ differences will be stripped away and
replaced by standardized predictable behaviors.

Answer 86

T

Question 87

Material symbols convey to employees the degree of egalitarianism that is desired by top
management.

Answer 87

T

Question 88

An organizational culture that encourages its managers to engage in severe competition and
discourages them from taking risks and innovating, is most likely to shape high ethical standards among
its members.

Answer 88

F

Question 89

A positive organizational culture emphasizes building on employee strengths, rewards more than it
punishes, and emphasizes individual vitality and growth.

Answer 89

T

Question 90

Workplace spirituality recognizes that people have an inner life that nourishes and is nourished by
meaningful work in the context of community.

Answer 90

T

Question 91

Spiritual organizations discourage flexible thinking and creativity among employees.

Answer 91

F

Question 92

Organizational cultures often reflect national cultures.

Answer 92

T