ch7 (cells) Flashcards
cell
the basic unit of life
prokaryote
a unicellular organism that lacks the nucleus but still contain genetic material somewhere else, such as any type of bacteria
Eukaryotes
contain nucleus, such as plants or animals
what is the cell theory
a fundamental concept that states:
- all living things are composed of cells
- cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
- New cells are produced from existing cells
organelle
a specialized structure that preforms important cellular functions in Eukaryotic cells ( act aa if specialized organs)
chromatin
a granulated material you can see within the nucleus
chromosomes
chromatin that condenses when a cell is going to divide
Nucleolus
- a small dense region within the nuclei
- ribosome production
Nuclear membrane/nuclear envelope
- membrane enclosing the nucleus.
- it’s dotted with nuclear pores that allow materials to move in and out of the nucleus
cytoskeleton
network of protein filaments that gives the cell its shape-also involved in cell movement
-made up of microtubules and microfilaments
what are microfilaments
long thin fibers for movement and support
what are microtubules
hollow tubes of protein for cell shape and organelle movement
lipid bilayer
a double-layerd sheet that forms a the core of nearly all cell membranes
concentration
the mass of solute in a given volume of solution, or mass/volume
diffusion
the process of particles moving from an area of high-concentration to an area of low-concentration
selectively permeable
its what regulates what enters and leaves the cell-only lets certain materials through
Osmosis
the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Facilitated diffusion
movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels
active transport
energy-requring process that moves material across the cell membrane against concentration difference; from low to high
endocytosis
process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane
exocytosis
the process by which a cell releases large amounts of material
isotonic
a point in which the concentration of both solutions are the same (“of the same strength”)
hypertonic
when comparing two solutions, the one that has a higheroncentration of solutes
hypotonic
when comparing two solutions, the one with lower concentrations of solutes
Nucleus
- controls most cell processes
- contains the hereditary material DNA
- Contains Chromatin and Chromosomes
Ribosomes
- produces proteins
- follows specific coded instructions that come from the nucleus
Endoplasmic Reticulum
- components of the cell membrane and proteins are made
- transport materials
- two types (rough er and smooth er)
cytoplasm
- jelly like material that organelles are floating in.
- contains important dissolved materials that the cell needs
vacuole
- stores material within a cell
- plant cells contain large vacuole
cell membrane
- fluid modle,
- selectively permeable
- phospholipid bilayer: controls what goes in and out of the cell (some parts hydrophobic and others hydrophilic)
cell wall
- used for support and protection for cells
- found in many organisms such as: plants, fungus, algae, and many prokaryotes
- found outside the cell membrane
what is a plants cell wall mostly made of
cellulose
mitochondria
the “power house” of a cell
- converts food into high-energy compounds the cells can use (this is ATP)
chloroplasts
- use energy from the Sun to make energy-rich molecules
- photosynthesis occurs here
golgi Apparatus
- package and distributes materials
- adds carbs and lipids to proteins
- makes vesicles for transport
lysosomes
- filled with enzymes
- break down substances (even old organelles)
- “suicide Sac”
what is rough er
ribosomes stud its surface
robert Hooke
the scientists who used the one of the first light microscopes to look at thin plant tissue and found tiny living organisms he called “cells”
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
one of the first people to study nature with microscopes
Mathias Schleiden
concluded all plants are made up of cells
Theodor schwann
concluded all animals are made of cells
Rudolf Virchow
concluded “where a cell existing ,there must have been a preexisting cell.”
tissue
a group of similar cells that work together
organs
a group of tissues that work together to preform a similar function
cell specialization
the process in which cells develop in different ways to preform different tasks
what from of energy dose active transport use
ATP
what are the levels of organization
cell-tissue-organ-organ system- organism
mitosis
a type of cell division
what are 6 types of cells processes
metabolism respiration diffusion Osmosis faciliated diffusion active transport
