ch 8 & 9 (photosynthesis & cellular respiration) Flashcards
autotrophic
organisms that use light energy from the sun to make food
heterotrophic
organisms that contain energy from the food they consume
where dose the enery from most living things come from?
the sun
what dose at stand for ATP and what is it ?
Adenosine triphosphate . basic energy source in all cells
what dose Atp consist of ?
adenine, a 5-carbon sugar called ribose, and three phosphate groups
What is the key to ATP’s ability to store rand release energy?
phosphate groups
what do animals store instead of large amounts of ATP over long periods of time
animals store glycogen
what do plants store instead of large amounts of ATP over long periods of time
starch
ADP
compound that looks almost like ATP, except that it has two phosphate groups instead of three
what is the equation for photosynthesis
6CO2+6H20—-> C6H12O6+6O2
(or)
carbon dioxide+ water —> sugar+oxygen
what is the main pigment
chloropyll
storma
the space outside the membranes of the chloroplast
granum
a stack of thylakoids in the chloroplast
thylakoids
photosystems clusters of pigment and protein that absorb light energy
what is NAD+
the electron carrier in the electron transport chain
what is the equation to make NADPH
NADP + H+2E
where do the electrons come from
enzymes that brake down H20 down into 2e-, 2H+, and 1 oxygen
where dose a light dependant reactions occur
the chloroplast (thylakoid membrane)
van Helmont
he weighed a container and the dirt inside the container, he them weighed a seedling and planted it in the pot. he continued to water the plant and then in 5 yrs took the plant out and reweighed everything. The plant weighed more but the dirt weighed the same. He concluded the mass of plants came from H2O
Joseph Priestley
lit a candle and then put a container over it, he then observed that the candle soon went out.
Then created an experiment where he put a plant inside the container with the candle and then once again lit it, the candle soon went out again and was no able to be relighted but after a few days it was able to be lit again. He concluded that the plants produce oxygen
what is one factor that makes major contribution to the mass of plat besides H2o
carbon in carbon dioxide makes major contribution to the mass of plat
Ingen-Housz
he put a plant inside 2 container filled with water. One container was kept under a light and the other in a dark corner, he found that the container under the light had bubbles but the one with no light had no bubbles. he then concluded that plants need light for photosynthesis to occur
where dose the Calvin cycle occur
the storma
calorie
the amount of energy needed to raise 1g of water 1 C degree
formula for cellular respiration
6O2+C6H12O6——–> 6CO2+6H2O+ATP
(or)
Oxygen and glucose———> ATP, carbon dioxide and water
cellular respiration
an aerobic process that breaks down food and releases energy in the presence of oxygen
what goes in and comes out of the Kerbs cycle
in- pyruvic acid
out- CO2, NADH, FADH2, ATP
in cellular respiration what is the total amount of ATP molecules and how many are made in each step
GLYCOLOSIS- 2ATP
KERBS CYCLE and
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN- 34ATP
TOTAL- 36 ATP
what dose aerobic mean
requires oxygen
what dose anaerobic mean
dose not need oxygen
What can ADP be compared to?
a rechargeable battery
photosynthesis
process by which autotrophs use the energy of sunlight to produce high-energy carbohydrates–sugars and starches–that can be used as food
Why do most cells have only a small amount of ATP–enough to last for a few second of energy?
ATP is not a good molecule for storing large amounts of energy over long term.
what happens in the light dependent reaction
- photosystem 2 absorbs light and energy is given to electrons that travel down the electron
transport chain - electrons move down the transport chain to photo system 1. the energy from the electrons in the transport chain is used to move a H+ into the thylakoid
- Energy from the sun, picked up by pigments, recharge the electron in photosystem 1. NADP+ becomes NADPH
what is the charge in the inside and outside of the thylakoid after the light dependent reaction ?
inside- positive
outside negative- negative
when in a light dependent reaction the H+ molecules cannot move through the membrane how did they cross the membrane?
they travel through a protein called ATP Synthase.
what does ATP synthase do
- produces oxygen
- changes ADP to ATP and NAPD+ to NADPH
- can be used in the calvin cycle to make high energy sugars
what are the two steps in photosynthesis
light dependent reaction and calvin cycle
what factors affect photosynthesis
temperature
light intensity
water availability
what happens in the calvin cycle (steps)
- 6CO2 enters from the atmosphere it then combines with six 5-carbon molecules and we end up with twelve 3 carbon molecules
- the twelve 3-carbon molecules are converted high energy forms using ATP and NADPH
- two of the twelve 3 carbon molecules are used to form various 6-carbon sugars and other compounds
- the remaning tten 3 carbon molecules are converted back into 5-carbon molecules
what happend over all in Calvin cycle
6 carbon dioxide molecules where used to produce 6-carbon sugar
what are the steps of cellular resperation
glycolosis, kerbs cycle, electron transport chain
where does glycolysis occur
cytoplasm
what happens in glycolosis
one molecule of sugar is broken inhalf forming 2 pyruvic acids
what is the equation for alcoholic fermentation
pyruvic acid+ NADH—> alcohol+CO2+6H20+ATP
lactic acid Fermentation
convertes glucose to lactic acid while also 2ADP to 2ATP and 2NAD+ to 2NADH, then concerting it back to 2NAD+
Krebs Cycle
if oxygen is present , the pyruvic acid from glycolosis will be broken down into CO2 go through a series of energy realising reactions
ELectron transport chain
uses high energy electrons from kerb cycle to make ATP
what are the 3 parts of atp
ribose, 3 phosphate group and adinine
what are the two pathways that glycolosis can lead to depending on wheter oxygen is present or not
fermentation or the krebs cycle
