ch 13 & 14 (genetic engineering & the human genome) Flashcards
how many automates and sex chromosomes dose the human have
autosomes: 44
sex chromosome:2
female
XX
male
XY
what do breeding charts show
the relationships within a family
transgenic organisms
organisms that contain DNA from other organisms
what does cloning result in
results in organisms with the same DNA as the parent organism
recombinant DNA
DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources (taking a gene from one organism and attaching it to the DNA of another organism)
Genetic Engineering
process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms; a new technology that humans can use in order to alter the genome in organisms
what is Genetic Engineering also know as
GEne Manipulation
selective breeding
a method of breeding that allows only those organisms with desired characteristics to produce the next generation
(which takes advantage of naturally occurring genetic variation organisms, to pass desired traits on to the next generation of organisms.)
inbreeding
the continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics.
hybridization
crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms.
restriction enzymes
enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides
what is the ultimate source of genetic variations?
mutations
how can breeders increase the genetic variation in a population
by inducing mutations,
what is an example of selective breeding
Nearly all domestic animals—including horses, cats, and farm animals—and most crop plants have been produced by selective breeding.
How are changes made to DNA?
Scientists use their knowledge of the structure of DNA and its chemical properties to study and change DNA molecules. Different techniques are used to extract DNA from cells, to cut DNA into smaller pieces, to identify the sequence of bases in a DNA molecule, and to make unlimited copies of DNA.
gel electrophoresis aka fingerprinting
procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments by placing a mixture of DNA fragments at one end of a porous gel and applying an electrical voltage to the gel
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
technique that allows molecular biologists to make many copies of a particular gene
plasmid
a small circular piece of DNA
genetic marker
gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry a plasmid with foreign DNA from those that don’t
cloning
the process of making a genetically identical organism through nonsexual means
karyotype
photograph of chromosomes grouped in order in pairs
polyploidy
condition in which an organism has extras sets of chromosomes
why must the father of a girl who is colorblind must also be colorblind
because in order for a female to be colorblind it needs 2 recessive alleles. One will need to come from the father , meaning he is colorblind because there is not another X chromosome to cover up the recessive allele
transgenic
organisms that contain genes from other species
clone
a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell
sex chromosomes
one or two chromosomes that determine an idividulas sex (x and Y)
autosome
chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
pedigree
a chart that shows relationships within a family
sex-linked gene
genes located on the X and Y chromosomes
nondisjunction
error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate
gene therapy
the process of changing the gene that causes a genetic disorder, an absence or faulty gene is replaced by a normal working gene
what are some genetic disorders nondisjunction can result in
down’s syndrome, Klinefelter’s syndrome, and Turner’s syndrome
what do biologists use to cut dna
restriction enzymes
how is genetic engineering done? (steps)
- restriction enzymes are used to cut a segment of DNA from a cell (this segment has the desirable gene)
- a circular piece is cut away from the other organism’s DNA
- When both pieces from both organisms are mixed, they join in a closed loop
- the closed loop is inserted into another cell, of the organism that had the circular piece cut away
- the DNA will produce mRNA which leads to the making of the correct protein. and the DNA, RNA, and proteins will be produced every time the cell divides
why do biologists cut a segment of DNA from a call during genetic engineering
this segment has the desirable gene
what happens if transformation is successful?
the recombinant DNA is integrated into one of the chromosomes of the cell.
what are the risks of inbreeding
a chance that a cross between 2 individuals will bring together 2 recessive alleles for a genetic defect
what would selective breeding be nearly imposible without
the diversity of plants and animals in the wild
how does cloning happen? (steps)
- the nucleus is removed from a egg cell of an organism
- the nucleus is removed from a skin cell of an organism
- the nucleus from the skin cell is inserted into the egg cell (which has had the nucleus removed and now had no DNA)
- this fused cell is put in the right conditions so it can divide normally, creating an embryo
- the embryo is then inserted into the uterus of the foster mother
what occurs during transformation
a cell takes in DNA from outside the cell this external DNA becomes a component of the cell’s DNA
why is it 50/50 zygotes will be male or female
because all human egg cells carry a single x chromosme. however, half of all sperm cells carry an x chromosome and half carry a y chromosme
what are the disorders caused by recessive alleles
albinism, cystic fibrosis, GALactosemia, Phenylketonuria (PKU), Tay-Sachs disease
disorders caused by D alleles
achondroplasia, Huntington disease, Hypercholesterolemia
diorders cause by coD
sickle cell disease
what are some sex-linked disorders
colorblindness,Hemophilia, Duchenne Muscualr Dystrophy
cystic fibrosis
DNA fingerprinting
analysis of sections of DNA that have little or no known function , but vary widely from one individual yo another, in order to identify individuals
how is a persons blood type determined
by the absence or presence of 2 antigens
