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Biology > ch 39 & 40 (Endocrine, Reproductive, & Immune system) > Flashcards

ch 39 & 40 (Endocrine, Reproductive, & Immune system) Flashcards

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1
Q

hormone

A

chemicals that travel through the bloodstream and affect other cells, they do this by binding to specific chemical receptors on cells

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2
Q

target cell

A

cell that has a receptor for a particular hormone

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3
Q

exocrine gland

A

gland that releases its secretions through tubelike structures called ducts, directly to the organs that use them (release sweat, tears, digestive jucies)

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4
Q

endocrine gland

A

gland that releases its secretions (hormones) directly into the bloodstream

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5
Q

prostaglandin

A

the hormonelike modified fatty acid produced by a wide range of cells that generally affects only nearby cells and tissues; hormonelike substanes produced by all cells except red blood cells

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6
Q

puberty

A

period of rapid growth and sexual maturation during which the reproductive system becomes fully functional

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7
Q

menstrual cycle

A

cycle during which an egg develops and is released from an ovary and the uterus is prepared to receive a fertilized egg

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8
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg

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9
Q

implantation

A

process in which a blastocyst attaches itself to the wall of the uterus

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10
Q

differentiation

A

process in which cells become specialized in structure and function

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11
Q

gastrulation

A

process of cell migration by which a third layer of cells is formed results in the formation of 3 layers: ectoderm,mesoderm, endoderm

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12
Q

placenta

A

the connection between mother and developing embryo through which nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and wastes are exchanged between the mother’s blood and the embryo’s blood .

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13
Q

Fetus

A

a human embryo after eight weeks of development

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14
Q

disease

A

any change, other than an injury, that disrupts the normal functions of the body

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15
Q

Pathogen

A

disease-causing agent

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16
Q

vector

A

animal that carries pathogens/disease causing organisims from person to person (example: Mosquite and Malaria)

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17
Q

antibody

A

protein that helps destroy pathogens

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18
Q

antibiotic

A

compound that blocks the growth and reproduction of bacteria

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19
Q

immunity

A

ability of the body to resist a specific pathogen

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20
Q

Fever

A

elevated body temperature that occurs in response to infection

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21
Q

inflammatory response

A

nonspecific defense reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection

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22
Q

immune response

A

the body’s specific defenses that attack a disease-causing agent if it makes it past the nonspecific defence; atigens trigger this responce

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23
Q

antigen

A

substance that triggers an immune response

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24
Q

vaccination

A

injection of a weakened or mild form of a pathogen to produce immunity

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25
Q

active immunity

A

immunity produced by exposure to an antigen, as a result of the immune response; the type of immunity produced by the body’s reaction to a vaccine

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26
Q

passive immunity

A

short-term immunity caused when antibodies produced by other animals for a pathogen are injected into the body; lasts a short time because the body destoyes the antibodies

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27
Q

allergy

A

overreaction of the immune system to antigens

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28
Q

histamine

A

chemical released by activated mast cells that increases the flow of blood and fluids to the surrounding area

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29
Q

asthma

A

chronic respiratory disease in which the air passageways become narrower than normal

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30
Q

glands

A

organs that produce and realese a substance or secretion

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31
Q

what produces antibodies ?

A

the actions of lymphocytes and B lymphocytes

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32
Q

Interferons

A

a group of proteins that help other cells resist infection produced by virus-infected cells

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33
Q

what are some things diseases are caused/aquired by ?

A
  • some diseases are inherited
  • some diseases are caused by materials in the environment (example: pollution or Smoking)
  • some are produced by agents such as bacteria (pathogens), viruses, and fungi
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34
Q

what process do the specialized cells in the testes, that makeup Sperm, go through?

A

meiosis

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35
Q

autoimmune Disease

A

when the immune system makes a mistake and attacks the body’s own cells

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36
Q

how are diseases spread?

A
  • though coughing, sneesing, or physical contact
  • though contaminated water or food
  • by infected animals (vector)
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37
Q

what are the main structures of the male rproductive system

A

testes,epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, and penis

38
Q

progesterone

A

female hormones that prepares the uterus for arrival of a developing embryo

39
Q

estrogen

A

female hormones that are required for the development of eggs and for the formation of the physcal characteristics

40
Q

Clacitonin and PTH

A

two opposing hormones that regulate calcium concentrations.
Calcitonin reduces the levels of calcium in the blood; comes from the thyroid
PTH increases the levels of calcium in the blood; comes from the parathyroid

41
Q

Hypothalamus

A

controls pituitary glands; linke between the nervous and endocrine system and located in the brain

42
Q

testis

A

male reproductive organ located outside the body that releases testosterone and is responcible for the production of sperm snd the development of male secondary sex charcteristics

43
Q

testosterone

A

hormone responsible for sperm production and the development of male secondary sex characteristics

44
Q

pituitary gland

A

Gland located in the brain that regulates many of the other endocrine glandsand releases the hormones Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH), Oxytocin, Folicle-stimulatinh (FSH), Luteinzing (LH), thyroid-stimulating (TSH), ACTH, Growth hormone, MSH

45
Q

follicles

A

clusters of cells that surround the egg

46
Q

fertilization

A

the process of a sperm joining an egg in the fallopian tube as the egg is moving towards the uterus

47
Q

what are the main structures of the female reproductive system

A

ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina

48
Q

epididymis

A

the structure in which sperm fully mature and are stored

49
Q

vas deferens

A

the tube in which sperm moves from the epididymis to the urethera

50
Q

Pancreas

A

gland that regulates level of glucose in the blood by releasing insulin and glucagon. located in the abdomen

51
Q

where is sperm produced

A

in the seminiferous tubules in the testies

52
Q

ovary

A

gland located in the abdomen that produces estrogen and progesterone

53
Q

ovary

A

gland located in the abdomen that produces estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen is recquired for the development of female secondary sex characteristics and the development of eggs. Progesterone prepares the uterus for a fertilized egg.

54
Q

what is the difference between steroid and non-steroid hormones?

A

nonsteroid hormones can not pass through the mebrane

55
Q

what is the difference between steroid and non-steroid hormones?

A

steroid hormones bind to steroid receptors which are located inside the cell as opposed to on the surface of the cell

56
Q

what is the major function of the male reproductive system

A

to produce and deliver sperm

57
Q

what is the major function of the female reproductive system

A

to produce a OVA and prepare the female’s body to nursish a developing embryo

58
Q

how long does the menstrual cycle usually last?

A

28 days

59
Q

where does fertalization occur

A

in the fallopian tube as the egg is moving towards the uterus

60
Q

what are infectious diseases caused by

A

pathogens

61
Q

what makes up nonspecific defence against pathogens

A

skin. mucus, sweat and tears

62
Q

what is the immune responce triggered by

A

antigens

63
Q

vagina

A

a canal that leads to the outside of the body

64
Q

what are the four phases of the menstrual cycle?

A

follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase, and menstruation

65
Q

menstruation

A

the stage when tissue, along with blood and unfertilized egg are discharged through the vagina

66
Q

what is your body’s most important nonspecific defense and first line of defence?

A

the skin

67
Q

what are the 2 ways hypothalamus responds to low water concentration?

A
  • causes feelingof thirst
  • causes the pituitary glad to release antidiuretic hormone that tells the kidneys the kidneys to slow down the removal of water from your bloodsteam
68
Q

how does the hypothalamus respond to high water concentration?

A
  • signals kidneys to not reabsorb as muc water
69
Q

what regulates the endocrine system?

A

feedback mechanisms that function to maintain homeostasis

70
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A

t cells provide a defense against abnormal cells and pathogens inside living cells

71
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A

killer T-cells attached to the cell membrane of a pathogen or abnormal cell and cause the membrane to leak and the cell dies

72
Q

why does core body temp. rise when pathoens are detected?

A

because many pathogens can only survive in a narrow temp range/ an elevation in your body temp may kill pathogens

73
Q

humoral immunity

A

immunity against pathogens in the blod and lymph, b cells provide immunity against antigens and pathogens in the body fluids.

74
Q

what happens when antibodies bind to the surface of pathogens

A

it tells phagocytic cells to engulf the pathogen and detroy it

75
Q

why is organ transplant so difficult

A

because the immune system recognises the organ as forgein and killer t cells attack it

76
Q

Koch’s postulats

A
  1. the pathogen should always be found in the body of the sick organism and should not be found in a healthy one.
  2. pathogen must be isolated and grown in the laboratory
  3. culutered pathogens should cause the ame disease that infected the original host
  4. the injected pathogen should be isolated from the second host. It should be identical to the original pathogen
77
Q

thyroid

A

regulates metabolism throughout the body. realeases the hormones thyroxine and calsatonen

78
Q

pineal gland

A

gland located in the brain that releases melatonin and is involved in rhythmic activities such as daily wake-cycles

79
Q

adrenal glands

A

glands located in the abdomen release epinephrine and norepinephrine, which helps the body respond to stress

80
Q

thymus

A

gland located in the chest that releases thymosin which stimulates T cell development and proper immune response

81
Q

scrotum

A

an external sac that the testes descend into

82
Q

neurulation

A

development of the nervous system

83
Q

uterus

A

organ of female reproductive sytem in which fertilized eg can develope

84
Q

fallopian tubes

A

a pair of tubes along which eggs travel from the ovaries to the uterus.

85
Q

ovulation

A

process in which an egg is released from the ovary

86
Q

what structures make up the endocrine system?

A

hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathryoids, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries, testes

87
Q

what is the function of the endocrine system?

A

controls growth development, and metabolism; maintains homeostasis

88
Q

what is the function of the reproductive system?

A

development of new individuals and the continuation of a species

89
Q

steroid hormoes

A

lipid produced from cholestrol
1. enters cell esily by passing dirrectly across cell membrane
2. binds to steroid receptor protein inside target cell and forms a hormone receptor comples
3. hormone receptor complex enters nucleus and binds to DNA
4. starts thranspcriptionof specific gene into mRNA
5 translation strts using the mRNA to make proteins

90
Q

nonsteroid hormoes

A

cannot passs through membrane of target cell
1. binds to receptor on cell membrane
2 activates enzyme on inside of membrane
3. ensyme carries the message of hormone inside the cell
4. enzyme can then activate or inhibit different c3ellular activity

Biology (13 decks)

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