ch 39 & 40 (Endocrine, Reproductive, & Immune system) Flashcards
hormone
chemicals that travel through the bloodstream and affect other cells, they do this by binding to specific chemical receptors on cells
target cell
cell that has a receptor for a particular hormone
exocrine gland
gland that releases its secretions through tubelike structures called ducts, directly to the organs that use them (release sweat, tears, digestive jucies)
endocrine gland
gland that releases its secretions (hormones) directly into the bloodstream
prostaglandin
the hormonelike modified fatty acid produced by a wide range of cells that generally affects only nearby cells and tissues; hormonelike substanes produced by all cells except red blood cells
puberty
period of rapid growth and sexual maturation during which the reproductive system becomes fully functional
menstrual cycle
cycle during which an egg develops and is released from an ovary and the uterus is prepared to receive a fertilized egg
zygote
fertilized egg
implantation
process in which a blastocyst attaches itself to the wall of the uterus
differentiation
process in which cells become specialized in structure and function
gastrulation
process of cell migration by which a third layer of cells is formed results in the formation of 3 layers: ectoderm,mesoderm, endoderm
placenta
the connection between mother and developing embryo through which nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and wastes are exchanged between the mother’s blood and the embryo’s blood .
Fetus
a human embryo after eight weeks of development
disease
any change, other than an injury, that disrupts the normal functions of the body
Pathogen
disease-causing agent
vector
animal that carries pathogens/disease causing organisims from person to person (example: Mosquite and Malaria)
antibody
protein that helps destroy pathogens
antibiotic
compound that blocks the growth and reproduction of bacteria
immunity
ability of the body to resist a specific pathogen
Fever
elevated body temperature that occurs in response to infection
inflammatory response
nonspecific defense reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection
immune response
the body’s specific defenses that attack a disease-causing agent if it makes it past the nonspecific defence; atigens trigger this responce
antigen
substance that triggers an immune response
vaccination
injection of a weakened or mild form of a pathogen to produce immunity
active immunity
immunity produced by exposure to an antigen, as a result of the immune response; the type of immunity produced by the body’s reaction to a vaccine
passive immunity
short-term immunity caused when antibodies produced by other animals for a pathogen are injected into the body; lasts a short time because the body destoyes the antibodies
allergy
overreaction of the immune system to antigens
histamine
chemical released by activated mast cells that increases the flow of blood and fluids to the surrounding area
asthma
chronic respiratory disease in which the air passageways become narrower than normal
glands
organs that produce and realese a substance or secretion
what produces antibodies ?
the actions of lymphocytes and B lymphocytes
Interferons
a group of proteins that help other cells resist infection produced by virus-infected cells
what are some things diseases are caused/aquired by ?
- some diseases are inherited
- some diseases are caused by materials in the environment (example: pollution or Smoking)
- some are produced by agents such as bacteria (pathogens), viruses, and fungi
what process do the specialized cells in the testes, that makeup Sperm, go through?
meiosis
autoimmune Disease
when the immune system makes a mistake and attacks the body’s own cells
how are diseases spread?
- though coughing, sneesing, or physical contact
- though contaminated water or food
- by infected animals (vector)
what are the main structures of the male rproductive system
testes,epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, and penis
progesterone
female hormones that prepares the uterus for arrival of a developing embryo
estrogen
female hormones that are required for the development of eggs and for the formation of the physcal characteristics
Clacitonin and PTH
two opposing hormones that regulate calcium concentrations.
Calcitonin reduces the levels of calcium in the blood; comes from the thyroid
PTH increases the levels of calcium in the blood; comes from the parathyroid
Hypothalamus
controls pituitary glands; linke between the nervous and endocrine system and located in the brain
testis
male reproductive organ located outside the body that releases testosterone and is responcible for the production of sperm snd the development of male secondary sex charcteristics
testosterone
hormone responsible for sperm production and the development of male secondary sex characteristics
pituitary gland
Gland located in the brain that regulates many of the other endocrine glandsand releases the hormones Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH), Oxytocin, Folicle-stimulatinh (FSH), Luteinzing (LH), thyroid-stimulating (TSH), ACTH, Growth hormone, MSH
follicles
clusters of cells that surround the egg
fertilization
the process of a sperm joining an egg in the fallopian tube as the egg is moving towards the uterus
what are the main structures of the female reproductive system
ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina
epididymis
the structure in which sperm fully mature and are stored
vas deferens
the tube in which sperm moves from the epididymis to the urethera
Pancreas
gland that regulates level of glucose in the blood by releasing insulin and glucagon. located in the abdomen
where is sperm produced
in the seminiferous tubules in the testies
ovary
gland located in the abdomen that produces estrogen and progesterone
ovary
gland located in the abdomen that produces estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen is recquired for the development of female secondary sex characteristics and the development of eggs. Progesterone prepares the uterus for a fertilized egg.
what is the difference between steroid and non-steroid hormones?
nonsteroid hormones can not pass through the mebrane
what is the difference between steroid and non-steroid hormones?
steroid hormones bind to steroid receptors which are located inside the cell as opposed to on the surface of the cell
what is the major function of the male reproductive system
to produce and deliver sperm
what is the major function of the female reproductive system
to produce a OVA and prepare the female’s body to nursish a developing embryo
how long does the menstrual cycle usually last?
28 days
where does fertalization occur
in the fallopian tube as the egg is moving towards the uterus
what are infectious diseases caused by
pathogens
what makes up nonspecific defence against pathogens
skin. mucus, sweat and tears
what is the immune responce triggered by
antigens
vagina
a canal that leads to the outside of the body
what are the four phases of the menstrual cycle?
follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase, and menstruation
menstruation
the stage when tissue, along with blood and unfertilized egg are discharged through the vagina
what is your body’s most important nonspecific defense and first line of defence?
the skin
what are the 2 ways hypothalamus responds to low water concentration?
- causes feelingof thirst
- causes the pituitary glad to release antidiuretic hormone that tells the kidneys the kidneys to slow down the removal of water from your bloodsteam
how does the hypothalamus respond to high water concentration?
- signals kidneys to not reabsorb as muc water
what regulates the endocrine system?
feedback mechanisms that function to maintain homeostasis
cell-mediated immunity
t cells provide a defense against abnormal cells and pathogens inside living cells
cell-mediated immunity
killer T-cells attached to the cell membrane of a pathogen or abnormal cell and cause the membrane to leak and the cell dies
why does core body temp. rise when pathoens are detected?
because many pathogens can only survive in a narrow temp range/ an elevation in your body temp may kill pathogens
humoral immunity
immunity against pathogens in the blod and lymph, b cells provide immunity against antigens and pathogens in the body fluids.
what happens when antibodies bind to the surface of pathogens
it tells phagocytic cells to engulf the pathogen and detroy it
why is organ transplant so difficult
because the immune system recognises the organ as forgein and killer t cells attack it
Koch’s postulats
- the pathogen should always be found in the body of the sick organism and should not be found in a healthy one.
- pathogen must be isolated and grown in the laboratory
- culutered pathogens should cause the ame disease that infected the original host
- the injected pathogen should be isolated from the second host. It should be identical to the original pathogen
thyroid
regulates metabolism throughout the body. realeases the hormones thyroxine and calsatonen
pineal gland
gland located in the brain that releases melatonin and is involved in rhythmic activities such as daily wake-cycles
adrenal glands
glands located in the abdomen release epinephrine and norepinephrine, which helps the body respond to stress
thymus
gland located in the chest that releases thymosin which stimulates T cell development and proper immune response
scrotum
an external sac that the testes descend into
neurulation
development of the nervous system
uterus
organ of female reproductive sytem in which fertilized eg can develope
fallopian tubes
a pair of tubes along which eggs travel from the ovaries to the uterus.
ovulation
process in which an egg is released from the ovary
what structures make up the endocrine system?
hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathryoids, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries, testes
what is the function of the endocrine system?
controls growth development, and metabolism; maintains homeostasis
what is the function of the reproductive system?
development of new individuals and the continuation of a species
steroid hormoes
lipid produced from cholestrol
1. enters cell esily by passing dirrectly across cell membrane
2. binds to steroid receptor protein inside target cell and forms a hormone receptor comples
3. hormone receptor complex enters nucleus and binds to DNA
4. starts thranspcriptionof specific gene into mRNA
5 translation strts using the mRNA to make proteins
nonsteroid hormoes
cannot passs through membrane of target cell
1. binds to receptor on cell membrane
2 activates enzyme on inside of membrane
3. ensyme carries the message of hormone inside the cell
4. enzyme can then activate or inhibit different c3ellular activity
