ch 15,16, & 17 (evolution)

Question 1

evolution

Answer 1

change in species over time

Question 2

species

Answer 2

a group of organisms that breed with one another and have fertile offspring

Question 3

speciation

Answer 3

formation of new species

Question 4

what are the 3 sources of genetic variation

Answer 4

mutations, gene shuffling, genetic drift

Question 5

What is the evidence of evolution?

Answer 5

• Fossil Record
• Geographic distribution
• Homologous structures
• Embryology
• DNA analysis

Question 6

Darwin

Answer 6

the scientists who contributed the most to our understanding of evolution more than anyone else. He sailed on the H.M.S Beagle and made many observations on his voyage that lead him to propose a revolutionary hypothesis

Question 7

adaptation

Answer 7

inherited characteristics that increase an organism’s chance of survival

Question 8

adaptive radiation

Answer 8

a process by which a single species or small group of species evolves into diverse forms that live in different ways

Question 9

what is an example of Adaptive radiation

Answer 9

Darwins Finches, because more than a dozen species evolved from a single species

Question 10

coevolution

Answer 10

a process by which 2 species evolve in responses to changes in each other

Question 11

what is an example of coevolution

Answer 11

salamanders and snakes, because salamanders have poison, the snakes became resistant over time and in response, the salamanders poison became stronger

Question 12

convergent evolution

Answer 12

a process by which unrelated organisms come to resemble one another

Question 13

example of convergent evolution

Answer 13

a lot of aquatic animals such as sharks, dolphins, penguins, and seals, their streamlined bodies and swimming appendages look a lot alike because they need to adapt to similar surroundings so they can travel through water quickly

Question 14

punctuated equilibrium

Answer 14

a pattern of long, stable periods interrupted by brief periods of rapid change

Question 15

fitness

Answer 15

the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its specific environment

Question 16

James Hutton

Answer 16

proposes that Earth is shaped by geological forces that took place over extremely long periods of time. He estimates Earth to be millions of years old.

Question 17

Charles Lyell

Answer 17

explained that processes occurring now have shaped Earth’s geological features over long periods of time.

Question 18

struggle for existence/survival

Answer 18

competition among members of a species for food, living space, and other necessities for life.

Question 19

gradualism

Answer 19

a slow, steady change in a particular line of descent

Question 20

natural selection/survival of the fittest

Answer 20

a process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully

Question 21

geological time scale

Answer 21

scale used by paleontologists to represent evolutionary time

Question 22

geographic isolation

Answer 22

two populations are separated by geographic barriers

Question 23

temporal isolation

Answer 23

when two or more species reproduce at different times

Question 24

what did Darwin Observe on the Galapagos islands

Answer 24

he observed iguanas,tortoises, and finches that varied from the mainlands and from island to island. he observed that the characteristics of many animals and plants varied noticeably among the different islands

Question 25

theory

Answer 25

a well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations

Question 26

variation

Answer 26

differences among individuals of a species

Question 27

reproductive isolation

Answer 27

when he members of two populations cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring

Question 28

homologous structures

Answer 28

structures that have different mature forms but develop from the same embryonic tissues (come from a common ancestor)

Question 29

vestigial organs

Answer 29

organs that serves no useful function in an organism; organs that do not serve the same purpose as they used to

Question 30

gene pool

Answer 30

all the genes in a population

Question 31

What has to happen for evolution to not occur/genetic equilibrium to occur?

Answer 31

random mating
 very large population 
 no movement in or out of the population,
 no mutations,
 no natural selection

Question 32

what are the two main sources of genetic variation

Answer 32

mutations and the genetic shuffling

Question 33

genetic drift

Answer 33

a random change in allele frequency that occurs by chance

Question 34

analogous structures

Answer 34

body parts that are used for the same purpose in different animals but do not come from a common ancestor

Question 35

what were some things Darwin wondered about when he made his observations of different organisms on the islands

Answer 35

he wondered why different species lived and did not live in certain places, how were the living species related to the species found in fossils

Question 36

common descent

Answer 36

all species-living and extinct-were derived from common ancestors. Therefore, a single tree of life links all living things.

Question 37

descent with modification

Answer 37

each living species has decsended, with changes, from other species over time.

Question 38

what happens as new species evolve?

Answer 38

populations become reproductively isolated from each other

Question 39

what is evolution mean in genetic terms?

Answer 39

any change in the relative frequency of alleles in a population.

Question 40

how did Lyell and Hutton influence Darwin’s theory

Answer 40

through their findings of geography, they made Darwin ask himself, If earth could change over time,might life change as well, and it made him realize that it would have taken any years for life to change in the way he has suggested

Question 41

What did Lamarack propose?

Answer 41

that by selective use or disuse of organs, organisms acquired or lost certain traits during their lifetime. These traits could then be passed on to their offspring. Over time, this process led to change in a species.

Question 42

Thomas Malthus

Answer 42

Malthus predicts that the human population will grow faster than the food and space needed to sustain it.

Question 43

summary of darwin’s theories:

Answer 43

-individual organisms differ, and some of this variation is heritable.
organisms produce more offspring than survive, and many that do survive do not reproduce,
-because more organisms are produced than survive, they compete for limited resources
-each unique organism has different advantages and disadvantages in the struggle for existence. Individuals best suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully. These organisms pass their heritable traits to their offspring. This process of natural selection causes species to change over time.
-Species alive today are descended with modification from ancestral species that lived in the distant past. This process, by which diverse specie evolved from common ancestors, unites all organisms into a single tree of life.

Question 44

August Weisman

Answer 44

conducted an experiment where he cut of mices’ tails. he found that generation after generation the tails grew back proving Lamarcks theory wrong

Question 45

lamrack

Answer 45

one of the first scientists who recognized things have changed over time and that all things were descended from other species. he also realized that organisms where somehow adapted to their surroundings. hypothesis was incorrect

Question 46

how did thomas malthus influence Darwin

Answer 46

He made Darwin realize that his reasoning applied even more to plants and animals, because of their large amounts of offspring. but however the reason that plants and animals weren’t overrunning the population because many offspring did not survive. Darwin wanted to know what causes the death of so many idividuals, and what factors determine which oragnisims survive and reproduce and which don’t.

Question 47

what is overproduction

Answer 47

when more offspring is produced than survie

Question 48

What did Malthus reason?

Answer 48

if the human population continued to grow unchecked, sooner or later there would be insufficient living space and food for everyone.
-he noticed that the only forces that worked against this wee war, famine, and disease.

Question 49

what can cause speciasation

Answer 49

reproductive isolation

Question 50

artificial selection

Answer 50

nature provided the variation and humans selected those variations they found usefull

Question 51

DArwins theory

Answer 51

stating that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual’s ability to compete, survive, and reproduce.