ch 35&36 (nervous, muscular, skeletal, & Integumentary systems) Flashcards
what is the function of the nervous system?
controls and coordinates the body’s response to changes in its internal and external environments
what structures make up the nervous system?
brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves
what structures make up the integumentary system?
skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands
what is the function of the integumentary system?
serves as a barrier against infection and injury; helps to regulate body temperature; provides protection against UV light from the sun
what structures make up the respiratory system?
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs
What is the function of the respiratory system?
provides the oxygen needed for cellular respiration and removes excess carbon dioxide from the body
what structures make up the digestive system?
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum
what is the function of the digestive system?
converts foods into simpler molecules that can be used by the cells of the body; absorbs food; eliminates waste
what structures make up the excretory system?
skin, lungs, kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
what is the function of the excretory system?
eliminates waste products from the body
what structures make up the skeletal system?
bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons
what is the function of the skeletal system?
supports the body; protects internal organs; allows movement; stores mineral reserves; provides a site for blood cell formation
what structures make up the muscular system?
skeletal muscle,smooth muscle, cardiac muscle
what is the function of the muscular system?
muscles are able to contract to move different part of the body
what structures make up the circulatory system?
heart, blood vessels, blood
what is the function of the circulatory system?
brings oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells; fights infection; removes cell wastes; helps to regulate body temperature
what structures make up the endocrine system?
hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathryoids, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries, testes
what is the function of the endocrine system?
controls growth development, and metabolism; maintains homeostasis
what is the function of the reproductive system?
produces reproductive cells; in females, nurtures and protects developing embryo
what structures make up the lymphatic/immune systems?
white blood cells, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymph vessels
epithelial tissue
covers the surface of the body and lines internal organs
connective tissue
holds organs in place and binds different parts of the body together
nervous tissue
receives and analyzes messages from inside and outside the body
muscle tissue
controls internal movement of materials and external movement of the body
homeostasis
maintaing a controlled, and stable internal environment
feedback inhibition/negative feedback
the process in which a stimulus produces a response that opposes the original stimulus
what are the levels of the organization
atom, molecule or compound, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
tissue
a group of cells that perform the same function
dermis
inner layer of the skin
epidermis
outer layer of the skin
keratin
though,fibrous protein found in skin
melanin
dark brown pigment found in skin that helps protect the skin from damage by absorbing UV rays from the sun
what are the hair and nails made from
keratin
cardiac muscle
- found only in the heart
- involuntary (works without conscious control)
smooth muscle
- found in t stomach, blood vessels, and intestines
- usually involuntary
- most can function without nervous stimulation
skeletal muscle
- usually attached to bone
- voluntary movement
what are the 3 types of muscle
smooth, cardiac, skeletal
ligaments
connect bone to bone
tendons
connects muscle to bone, involved in movement
resting potential
difference in electrical charges across the cell membrane of a resting neuron
action potential/ nerve impulse
reversal of charges across the cell membrane of a neroun
threshold
minimum level of a stimulus required to activate a neuron
what is the function of the all the organ system working together?
maintaining homeostasis
neuron
a cell that carries messages throught the nervous system
synapse
the location at which a neuron can transfer an impulse to another cell
neurotransmitters
chemicals used by a neuron to transmit an impulse across a synapse to another cell
reflex
a quick automatic response to a stimulus
what are the 3 types of neurons
sensory, motor, interneurons
sensory neurons
transmits impulses from the sensory organs to the central nervous sytem
motor neurons
transmits impulses from the central nervous system to the muscular glands
interneurons
transmits impulses between other neurons
actin
a protein that makes up thin filaments
joint
a place where one bone attaches to another bone
ossification
the process in which cartilage is replaced by bone
cartilage
a type of connective tissue made up of protein fibers such as collagen and flexible elastin
bone marrow
soft tissue found in bone cavaties
periosteum
a tough layer of connective tissue surrounding the bone
what makes up the central nervous system
the brain and spinal cord
what makes up the peripheral system
all nerves in asociated cells outside the nervous system
somatic divisions
regulates activities that are under conscious control (you think about it to do it)
autonomic divisions
regulates activities that are automatic, or involuntary; controls functions that are not always under conscious control
rods
photoreceptors that are extremely sensitive to light, but they do not distinguish different colors
cones
photoreceptors that are less sensitive than rods, but they do respond to light of different colors, producing color vision
what are the layers of the skin
epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
what is the top layer of the skin made out of
dead cells
what is the function of the lymphatic/immune systems?
protects the body from disease ; collects fluid from lost blood vessels and returns it to the circulatory system
dendrites
extensions that branch off from the cell body; receive the impulses
how does an impulse begin?
when a neuron is stimulated by another neuron or the environment
meninges
connective tissue that surrounnds both the brain and the spinal cord
mylein sheath
an insulating membrane that surrounds the axon in some neurons; speeds transmission
axon
long fiber that carries impulses away from the cell body
brain stem
connects the brain to the spinal cord.
heart rate, blood pressure, breathing and swallowing are controlled here
cerebellum
second largest part of the brain.
coordination and balance are controlled here
cerebrum
largest part of the brain.
responsible for conscious or voluntary activities. site of intelligence,learning’ and judgment
thalnamus
recieves messages from all of the sensory receptors throughout the body and then relays the information for further processing
hypothalamus
the control center for recognition and analysis of hunger, thirst,fatigue, anger, and body temperature
what are the 5 types sensory receptors
pain receptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, and photoreceptor
mechanical receptors
react to changes in presure
pupil
tiny muscles in the iris adjust the size of the pupil to regulate the amount of light that enters the eye
lens
small muscles that help change its shape to help you adjust your eyes’ focus to near or distant objects
retina
photoreceptors are arranged in a layer in the retina. The photoreceptors convert light energy into nerve impulses that are carried to the central nervous system.
how is your ear involved with balance
semicircular canals and the 2 tiny sacs located behind them monitor the position of your head in relation to gravity
describe how you touch/feel
skin contains sensory receptors that respond to temp., touch and pain
describe how you smell
chemoreceptors in the lining of the nasal passageway respond to specific chemicals and send impulses to the brain throught sensory nerves
bones
a solid network of living cells and protein fibers that are surrounded by deposits of calcium salts.
epiphyseal plate
growth plate
osteoclasts
demineralize (removes salt from) bone in the vicinity
osteoblasts
secret collagen and mineral to lay down new bone in their vicinity
how are joints classified?
depending on their type of movement; they can be immovable, slightly movable, or freely movable
when does a muscle contract?
when the thin filaments in the muscle fiber slide over the thick filaments
what are the 4 types of joints
ball and socket joint, hinge joint, pivot joint, saddle joint
describe how bones develop
Bone tissue forms as osteoblasts secrete mineral deposits that replace the cartilage in developing bones. When the osteioblasts becomes surrounded by bone tissue they mature into osteocytes.
acetylcholine
Neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synapse and produces an impulse in the cell membrane of a muscle cell
haversian canal
one of a network of tubes running through compact bone that contains blood vessels and nerves
what are the two major glands contained in the dermis
sweat glands and sebaceous glands (oil glands)
