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Biology > 37 & 38 9 (circulatory, respiratory, excretory, digestive systems) > Flashcards

37 & 38 9 (circulatory, respiratory, excretory, digestive systems) Flashcards

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1
Q

atrium

A

the upper chamber of the heart that receives and holds blood that is about to enter the ventricle

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2
Q

aorta

A

large blood vessel that brings oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to the body

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3
Q

artery

A

large blood vessel that carries blood from heart to the tissue of the body

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4
Q

Atheroxclerosis

A

a condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner lines of the arteries

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5
Q

Alveolus

A

tiny air sac at the end of a bronchiole in the lungs that provides surface area for gas exchange to occur

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6
Q

Amylase

A

enzyme in saliva that breaks chemical bonds in starches

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7
Q

Bronchus

A

passgeway leading from the trachea to a lung

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8
Q

Bowman’s Capsule

A

a cup-shaped structure upper end of a nephron that incases the glomerulus

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9
Q

capillary

A

the smallest blood vesels that allow materials to diffuse in and out of the blood to the tissue

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10
Q

chyme

A

a mixture of stomach fluids and foods produced in the stomach by contracting stomach muscles

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11
Q

Diaphragm

A

large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathing

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12
Q

glomerulus

A

small network of capillaries incased in the upper end of a nephron; where the filtration of bloof takes place

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13
Q

Hemoglobin

A

iorn-contaning protein in red blood cellw that trnsports oxygen from the lungs to the tissue of the body

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14
Q

Large intestine

A

organ that removes water from the undigested materials that pass through it . and produces vitamins with the help of bacteria

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15
Q

liver

A

large organ just above the stomach that produces bile

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16
Q

loop of Henle

A

section of the nephron tubule that converts water and minimizes the volume of urine

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17
Q

larynx

A

structure in the throat containing the vocal cords

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18
Q

lymph

A

fluid lost by the blood into surrounding tissue

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19
Q

lymphocytes

A

type of white blood cells that produce antibodies that help destroy pathogens

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20
Q

myocardium

A

thick middle muscle layer of the heart;pumps blood through the circulatory sytem

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21
Q

mineral

A

inorganic nutrient the body needs

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22
Q

nephron

A

blood-filtering unit in the renal cortex of the kidney

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23
Q

pancreas

A

gland that produces hormones that regulate lood sugar ; produces enzymes thAT break down carbohydrates,proteins, lipids and nucleic acids; and produces sodium bicarbonate, a base that nutrilizes stomch acid

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24
Q

pharynx

A

muscular tube at the end of the gastrovascular cavity,or throat, that connects the mouth with the rest of the digestive tract and serves as a passageway for air and food

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25
Q

platelet

A

cell fragment realeased by bone marrow that helps in blood clotting

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26
Q

plasma

A

straw-colored fluid that makes up about 55% of blood

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27
Q

pacemaker

A

small group of cardiac muscle cells in the right atrium that “set the paste” for the heart as a whole
(aka Sinoatrial node)

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28
Q

peristalsis

A

rhythmic muscular contractions that squeeze food through the esophagus into the stomach

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29
Q

stomach

A

large muscular sac that continues the mechnical and chemical digestion

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30
Q

trachea

A

windpip, tube through which air moves

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31
Q

urethra

A

tube that carries urine from the bladder and releases it from the body

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32
Q

urinarry blader

A

sac-like organ in which urine is stored before being exerted

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33
Q

ureter

A

tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder

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34
Q

vitamins

A

organic molecules that help regulate body processes and often work with enzymes. most vitamins must be obtained through food

35
Q

villus

A

finger-like projection that increases the surface area of the walls of the small intestine

36
Q

kidney

A

organ that removes urea, excess water, and other waste products from the blood

37
Q

small intestine

A

digestive organ in which most chemical digestion takes place. filled with enzymes

38
Q

Esophagus

A

food tube connecting mouth to stomach

39
Q

valve

A

flap of connective tissue between an Atrium and ventricle or in a vein that prevents backflow of blood

40
Q

ventricle

A

lower chamber of the heart that pumps blood out of the heart

41
Q

vein

A

blood vessels that return blood to the heart

42
Q

filtration

A

passing a luquid or gas through a filter to remove waste

43
Q

reabsorption

A

process in which liquid is taken back into vessels

44
Q

what makes up the excretory system

A

skin, lungs and kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

45
Q

metabolic waste

A

excess salt, carbon dioxide, and urea

46
Q

urea

A

a toxic compound that is produced when amino acids are broken down for energy

47
Q

excertion

A

getting rid of the waste

48
Q

what function does the skin serve in the excretory system

A

exceretes salts, water, and a small amount of urea

49
Q

what function does the lungs serve in the excretory system

A

excretes carbon dioxide

50
Q

what function does the kidneys serve in the excretory system

A

filters the blood

51
Q

what makes up the circulatory system

A

heart, blood vessels, and blood

52
Q

what is a closed circulatory system

A

humans have a closed circulatory system: a circulatory system in which blood is closed at all times within vessels

53
Q

what are some things transported by the circulatory system

A

water, waste products, nutrients and oxygen

54
Q

what are the 2 “loops” of the circulatory system

A
  • lungs and back to the heart

- the rest of the body and back to the heart

55
Q

atrioventicular node

A

a bundle of fibers that picks up the impulse from the sinoatrial node/pacemaker and carries it to a network of fibers in the ventricles

56
Q

what are the nutrients that the body needs

A

water, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, and vitamiins

57
Q

what are proteins, carbohydrates,lipis n and nucleaic acid broken down into

A

proteins- amino acids
carbohydrates- simple sugars
lipids- smaller lipids
nucleaic acid -nucleotides

58
Q

what is the ph level of the stomach

A

ph 2

59
Q

what are the three types of blood vessels?

A

arteries, veins, and capillaries

60
Q

what do red blood cells do?

A

transport oxygen

61
Q

what are the main structures make up the respiratory system?

A

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs

62
Q

bolus

A

a clump of chewed up food mixed with saliva

63
Q

how do kidneys maintain homeostasis?

A

they remove waste products from the blood; maintin blood pH; and regulate the water content of the blood and , therefore blood volume

64
Q

what happens in the nephrons?

A

as blood enters a nephron through the arteriole, impurities are filtered out and emptied into the collecting duct. the purified blood exits the nephron through the venule.

65
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system?

A

provides the oxygen needed for cellular respiration and removes excess carbon dioxide from the body

66
Q

what is the function of the digestive system?

A

converts foods into simpler molecules that can be used by the cells of the body; absorbs food; eliminates waste

67
Q

what is the function of the excretory system?

A

eliminates waste products from the body

68
Q

describe the blood flow through the heart starting at the right atrium

A

right atrium- pulmanery artery-lungs-pulmanery veins-left atrium-left ventrical-aorta-superior and inferior Vena Cave- right atrium)

69
Q

what causes blood pressure

A

when the heart contracts it produces a wave of fluid pressure in the arteries, the force of the blood on the arteries wall is blood pressure

70
Q

where is hemogloin found

A

red blood cells

71
Q

what are the 2 types of resperation?

A 
cellular resperation- occurs in the mitochondria; the release of energy by breaking food down in the presence of oxygen
Gass Exchange (in the lungs)- process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the cells the blood and the air in the lungs
72
Q

where does oxygen diffuse into the blood are carbon dioxide diffuse out

A

the membrane of an aveolus and a capillary

73
Q

what is chemical digestion

A

use of acids and enzymes to break down food chemically

74
Q

where does mechanical digestion occur

A

mouth-teeth tear cut and Crush food into small fragments

stomach- muscles contract to churn and mix stomach fluids and food

75
Q

where does chemical digestion occur

A

mouth- saliva contains an enzyme called amylase that breaks the chemical bonds in starches and releases sugars
stomach- contains pepsin an enzyme that begins breaking down proteins
small intestine- contains many enzymes

76
Q

hypertension

A

high blood pressure

77
Q

septum

A

the structure that divides the left side of the heart from the right. prevents the mixing of oxygen-poor blood (from the right side) and oxygen-rich blood (from the left side)

78
Q

superior and inferior Vena Cava

A

superior- vein that brings oxygen poor blood from the upper part of the body to the right atrium
inferior- vein that brings oxygen poor blood from the lower part of the body to the right atrium

79
Q

pulmonary arteries

A

brings oxygen-poor blood to the lungs

80
Q

pulmonary veins

A

brings oxygen-rich blood t the left atrium, returns blood to the heart from the lungs

81
Q

tricuspid valve

A

prevents backflow of blood into the right atrium

82
Q

pulmonary valve

A

prevents backflow of blood into the right ventricle after in has entered the pulmonary arteries

83
Q

aortic valve

A

prevents backflow of blood into left ventricle after it has entered the aorta

84
Q

mitral valve

A

prevents backflow of blood into the left atrium

Biology (13 decks)

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