37 & 38 9 (circulatory, respiratory, excretory, digestive systems) Flashcards
atrium
the upper chamber of the heart that receives and holds blood that is about to enter the ventricle
aorta
large blood vessel that brings oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to the body
artery
large blood vessel that carries blood from heart to the tissue of the body
Atheroxclerosis
a condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner lines of the arteries
Alveolus
tiny air sac at the end of a bronchiole in the lungs that provides surface area for gas exchange to occur
Amylase
enzyme in saliva that breaks chemical bonds in starches
Bronchus
passgeway leading from the trachea to a lung
Bowman’s Capsule
a cup-shaped structure upper end of a nephron that incases the glomerulus
capillary
the smallest blood vesels that allow materials to diffuse in and out of the blood to the tissue
chyme
a mixture of stomach fluids and foods produced in the stomach by contracting stomach muscles
Diaphragm
large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathing
glomerulus
small network of capillaries incased in the upper end of a nephron; where the filtration of bloof takes place
Hemoglobin
iorn-contaning protein in red blood cellw that trnsports oxygen from the lungs to the tissue of the body
Large intestine
organ that removes water from the undigested materials that pass through it . and produces vitamins with the help of bacteria
liver
large organ just above the stomach that produces bile
loop of Henle
section of the nephron tubule that converts water and minimizes the volume of urine
larynx
structure in the throat containing the vocal cords
lymph
fluid lost by the blood into surrounding tissue
lymphocytes
type of white blood cells that produce antibodies that help destroy pathogens
myocardium
thick middle muscle layer of the heart;pumps blood through the circulatory sytem
mineral
inorganic nutrient the body needs
nephron
blood-filtering unit in the renal cortex of the kidney
pancreas
gland that produces hormones that regulate lood sugar ; produces enzymes thAT break down carbohydrates,proteins, lipids and nucleic acids; and produces sodium bicarbonate, a base that nutrilizes stomch acid
pharynx
muscular tube at the end of the gastrovascular cavity,or throat, that connects the mouth with the rest of the digestive tract and serves as a passageway for air and food
platelet
cell fragment realeased by bone marrow that helps in blood clotting
plasma
straw-colored fluid that makes up about 55% of blood
pacemaker
small group of cardiac muscle cells in the right atrium that “set the paste” for the heart as a whole
(aka Sinoatrial node)
peristalsis
rhythmic muscular contractions that squeeze food through the esophagus into the stomach
stomach
large muscular sac that continues the mechnical and chemical digestion
trachea
windpip, tube through which air moves
urethra
tube that carries urine from the bladder and releases it from the body
urinarry blader
sac-like organ in which urine is stored before being exerted
ureter
tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder
vitamins
organic molecules that help regulate body processes and often work with enzymes. most vitamins must be obtained through food
villus
finger-like projection that increases the surface area of the walls of the small intestine
kidney
organ that removes urea, excess water, and other waste products from the blood
small intestine
digestive organ in which most chemical digestion takes place. filled with enzymes
Esophagus
food tube connecting mouth to stomach
valve
flap of connective tissue between an Atrium and ventricle or in a vein that prevents backflow of blood
ventricle
lower chamber of the heart that pumps blood out of the heart
vein
blood vessels that return blood to the heart
filtration
passing a luquid or gas through a filter to remove waste
reabsorption
process in which liquid is taken back into vessels
what makes up the excretory system
skin, lungs and kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
metabolic waste
excess salt, carbon dioxide, and urea
urea
a toxic compound that is produced when amino acids are broken down for energy
excertion
getting rid of the waste
what function does the skin serve in the excretory system
exceretes salts, water, and a small amount of urea
what function does the lungs serve in the excretory system
excretes carbon dioxide
what function does the kidneys serve in the excretory system
filters the blood
what makes up the circulatory system
heart, blood vessels, and blood
what is a closed circulatory system
humans have a closed circulatory system: a circulatory system in which blood is closed at all times within vessels
what are some things transported by the circulatory system
water, waste products, nutrients and oxygen
what are the 2 “loops” of the circulatory system
- lungs and back to the heart
- the rest of the body and back to the heart
atrioventicular node
a bundle of fibers that picks up the impulse from the sinoatrial node/pacemaker and carries it to a network of fibers in the ventricles
what are the nutrients that the body needs
water, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, and vitamiins
what are proteins, carbohydrates,lipis n and nucleaic acid broken down into
proteins- amino acids
carbohydrates- simple sugars
lipids- smaller lipids
nucleaic acid -nucleotides
what is the ph level of the stomach
ph 2
what are the three types of blood vessels?
arteries, veins, and capillaries
what do red blood cells do?
transport oxygen
what are the main structures make up the respiratory system?
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs
bolus
a clump of chewed up food mixed with saliva
how do kidneys maintain homeostasis?
they remove waste products from the blood; maintin blood pH; and regulate the water content of the blood and , therefore blood volume
what happens in the nephrons?
as blood enters a nephron through the arteriole, impurities are filtered out and emptied into the collecting duct. the purified blood exits the nephron through the venule.
What is the function of the respiratory system?
provides the oxygen needed for cellular respiration and removes excess carbon dioxide from the body
what is the function of the digestive system?
converts foods into simpler molecules that can be used by the cells of the body; absorbs food; eliminates waste
what is the function of the excretory system?
eliminates waste products from the body
describe the blood flow through the heart starting at the right atrium
right atrium- pulmanery artery-lungs-pulmanery veins-left atrium-left ventrical-aorta-superior and inferior Vena Cave- right atrium)
what causes blood pressure
when the heart contracts it produces a wave of fluid pressure in the arteries, the force of the blood on the arteries wall is blood pressure
where is hemogloin found
red blood cells
what are the 2 types of resperation?
cellular resperation- occurs in the mitochondria; the release of energy by breaking food down in the presence of oxygen Gass Exchange (in the lungs)- process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the cells the blood and the air in the lungs
where does oxygen diffuse into the blood are carbon dioxide diffuse out
the membrane of an aveolus and a capillary
what is chemical digestion
use of acids and enzymes to break down food chemically
where does mechanical digestion occur
mouth-teeth tear cut and Crush food into small fragments
stomach- muscles contract to churn and mix stomach fluids and food
where does chemical digestion occur
mouth- saliva contains an enzyme called amylase that breaks the chemical bonds in starches and releases sugars
stomach- contains pepsin an enzyme that begins breaking down proteins
small intestine- contains many enzymes
hypertension
high blood pressure
septum
the structure that divides the left side of the heart from the right. prevents the mixing of oxygen-poor blood (from the right side) and oxygen-rich blood (from the left side)
superior and inferior Vena Cava
superior- vein that brings oxygen poor blood from the upper part of the body to the right atrium
inferior- vein that brings oxygen poor blood from the lower part of the body to the right atrium
pulmonary arteries
brings oxygen-poor blood to the lungs
pulmonary veins
brings oxygen-rich blood t the left atrium, returns blood to the heart from the lungs
tricuspid valve
prevents backflow of blood into the right atrium
pulmonary valve
prevents backflow of blood into the right ventricle after in has entered the pulmonary arteries
aortic valve
prevents backflow of blood into left ventricle after it has entered the aorta
mitral valve
prevents backflow of blood into the left atrium
