CH5Terms Flashcards
absorption
passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream
amino acids
small building blocks of proteins, released when proteins are digested
amylase
enzyme (-ase) secreted by the pancreas and salivary glands to digest starch (amyl/o)
anus
Terminal end or opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body
appendix
blind pouch hanging from the cecum (in the RLQ) It literally means hanging (pend/o) onto (ap- which is a form of ad-)
bile
Digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbaldder. It breaks up (emulsifies) large fat globules. Bile originally was called gall. ( Latin bilis, meaning gall or anger) probably because it has a bitter taste. It is composed of bile pigments (colored materials), cholesterol, and bile salts
bilirubin
Pigment released by the liver in bile
bowel
Intestine
canine teeth
pointed dog-like teeth (canine means pertaining to dog) next to the incisors. Also called cuspids or eyeteeth
cecum
first part of the large intestine
colon
portion of the large intestine consisiting of the ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid segments.
common bile duct
carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum. Also called choledochus
defacation
elimination of feces from the digestiv etract through the anus
deglutition
swallowing de-glu-TISH-un
dentin
primary material found in teeth. covered by enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root
digestion
breakdown of complex foods into simpler forms
duodenum
first part of the small intestine, Duo-2, den-10, it measures 12 inches long
elimination
removal of materials from the body; in the digestive system, the removal on indigestible materials as feces
emulsification
breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules. This increases the surface area that enzymes can use to digest the fat.
enamel
hard, outmost layer of a tooth
enzyme
chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances. Digestive enzymes break down complex foods to simpler substances. Enzymes are given names that end in -ase
esophagus
tube connecting the throat to the stomach. Eso- means inward; phag/o means swallowing
fatty acids
substances produced when fats are digested
feces
solid waste; stool. The term fecal means pertaining to feces
gallbladder
small sac under the liver; stores bile. it is one word!
glucose
simple sugar
glycogen
starch; glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in the liver cells
hyrochloric acid
substance (strong acid) produced in the stomach; aids digestion
ileum
third part of the small intestine. Greek eilos, meaning twisted. when the abdomen was viewed at autopsy, the intestine appeared twisted, and the ileum often was an area of obstruction
jejunum
second part of the small intestine. Latin jejunus means empty. This part of the body was always empty when examined after death
lipase
pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fat
liver
large organ located in the RUQ. it secretes bile; stores sugar, iron and vitamins; produces blood proteins; destroys worn-out red blood cells; and filters out toxins. The normal adult liver weighs about 2.5 - 3 lbs
lower esophageal sphincter
ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach. Also called the cardiac sphincter.
mastication
chewing
molar teeth
3 large flat teeth at the bac of the mouth, on either side of the dental arch. premolar teeth are 2 teeth before the molars
palate
roof the the mouth. The hard palate lies anterior to the soft palate and is supported by the upper jawbone (maxilla) The soft palate is the posterior fleshy part between the mouth and the throat
pancreas
organ behind the stomach; produces insulin (for transport of sugar into cells) and enzymes (for digestion of foods.)
papillae
small projections on the tongue. taste buds (taste receptor cells) are located within the papillae
parotid gland
salivary gland with in the cheeck, just anterior to the ear. par-near ot/o-ear
peristalsis
rhythmic contractions of tubular organs.
peri-surrounding,
stalsis-constriction
pharynx
throat, the common passageway for food from the mouth and for air from the nose
portal vein
large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines
protease
enzyme tht digests protein
pulp
soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels.
pyloric sphinctor
ring of muscle at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum. greek pyloris-gatekeeper. it is normally closed, but opens when a wave of peristalsis passes over it
pylorus
distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenum
rectum
last section of the large intestine, connecting the end of the colon and the anus
rugae
ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach.
saliva
digestive juice produced by salivary glands. Salive contains the enzyme amylase, which begins the digestion of starch to sugar
salivary glands
parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands
sigmoid colon
lower, s-shaped segment of the colon, just before the rectum empties into the rectum
sphincter
circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening
stomach
muscular organ tha receives food from the esophagus. The stomach’s parts are fundus - proximal section
body - middle section
antrum - distal section
triglycerides
fat molecules composed of 3 parts fatty acids and 1 part glycerol. Triglycerides (fats) are a subgroup of lipids. another type of lipid is cholesterol
villi (singular-villus)
miscroscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the blood stream
