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Medical Terminology > CH10Vocab > Flashcards

CH10Vocab Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of nerve cells

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2
Q

Afferent Nerve

A

Carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord (sensory nerve).

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3
Q

Arachnoid Membrane

A

Middle layer of the three membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

Astrocyte

A

Type of glial cell (neurolgial) that transports water and salts from capillaries in the nervous system

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5
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands and internal organs

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6
Q

Axon

A

Microscopic fiber that is part of a neuron and carries nervous impulse along a nerve cell.

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7
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

Protective separation between the blood and brain cells. This makes it difficult for substances (such as anti cancer drugs) to penetrate capillary walls and enter the brain.

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8
Q

Brainstem

A

Posterior portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord; includes the midbrain pons, and medulla oblongata

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9
Q

Cauda equine

A

Collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord

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10
Q

Cell body

A

Part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus

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11
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

Cerebellum

A

Posteriors part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance

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13
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain

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14
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Circulates through the brain and spinal cord

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15
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory

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16
Q

Cranial nerves

A

Nerves carry messages to and from the brain to all parts of head and neck and also (in the case of the vagus nerve) to other parts of the body. There are 12 pairs.

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17
Q

Dendrite

A

Microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell that is the first part to receive the nervous impulse.

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18
Q

Dura mater

A

Thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord. Latin for “hard mother”

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19
Q

Efferent nerve

A

Carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord; motor nerve.

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20
Q

Ependymal cell

A

Glial cell that lines membranes within the brain and spinal cord and helps form cerebrospinal fluid

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21
Q

Ganglion (ganglia PL)

A

Collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system.

22
Q

Glial cell (neuroglial cell)

A

Supportive and connective nerve cell that does not carry nervous impulses. Can reproduce themselves
Astrocytes-transport H2O and Na+
Microglial cells - phagocytes protecting from inflammation
Ependymal cells - line brain and spinal cord membrane where CSF generates
Oligodendrocytes - few dendrites forms the myelin

23
Q

Gyrus. (Gyri. PL)

A

Sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex; convolution.

24
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Portion of the brain beneath the thalamus; controls sleep, appetite, body temperature, and sec regions from the pituitary gland.

25
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Part of the brain just above the spinal cord; controls breathing, heartbeat, and the size of blood vessels; nerve fibers cross over here.

26
Q

Meninges

A

Three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.

27
Q

Microglial cells

A

Phagocytic glial cells that remove waste products from the central nervous system

28
Q

Midbrain

A

Uppermost portion of the brainstem

29
Q

Motor nerve

A

Carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs; efferent nerve

30
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Covering of white carry tissue that surrounds and insulates the axon of a nerve cell. Myelin speeds impulse conduction along axons.

31
Q

Nerve

A

Macroscopic cord-like collection of fibers (axons) that carry electrical impulses

32
Q

Neuron

A

Nerve cell that is necessary for impulses to be carried throughout the nervous system; parenchyma of the nervous system

33
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical messenger released at the end of a nerve cell. It stimulates or inhibits another cell, which can be a nerve, muscle,or gland cell.
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Dopamine
Serotonin

34
Q

Oligodendroglial cells

A

Glial cells that form the myelin sheath covering axons

35
Q

Parasympathetic nerves

A

Involuntary autonomic nerves that regulate normal body function s such as heart rate, breathing, and muscles of the GI tract

36
Q

Parenchyma

A

Essential, distinguishing tissue of any organ or system. The parenchyma of the nervous system includes the neurons and nerves that carry nervous impulses.

37
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord; cranial, spinal, and autonomic nerves

38
Q

Pia mater

A

Thin delicate inner membrane of the meninges

39
Q

Plexus

A

Large, interlacing network of nerves. Examples are lumbosacral, cervical, and brachial plexuses

40
Q

Pons

A

Part of the brain anterior to the cerebellum and between the medulla and the rest of the midbrain..
Bridge connecting various parts of the brain

41
Q

Receptor

A

Organ that receives and transmits a stimulus to sensory nerves. The skin, ears, eyes, and taste buds

42
Q

Sciatic nerve

A

Nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot.

43
Q

Sensory nerve

A

Carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord from a receptor; afferent nerve

44
Q

Spinal nerve

A

Pairs of nerves, arising one on each side of the spinal column. Transmit messages to and from the spinal cord

45
Q

Stimulus

A

Agent of change in the internal or external environment that evokes a response
Light
Sound
Touch
Pressure
Pain

46
Q

Stroma

A

Connective and supporting tissue of an organ

47
Q

Sulcus

A

Depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex; fissure

48
Q

Sympathetic nerves

A

Autonomic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntarily in times of stress

49
Q

Synapse

A

Space through which a nervous impulse travels between a nerve cells or between nerve and muscle or glandular cell

50
Q

Thalamus

A

Main relay center of the brain; conducts impulses between the spinal cord and cerebrum;

51
Q

Vagus nerve

A

10th cranial nerve. Reaches the larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus, and stomach

52
Q

Ventricles of the brain

A

Canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid.

Medical Terminology (27 decks)

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