Ch.5 Flashcards
Erikson’s first three stages of psychological development
-Basic Trust vs Mistrust
-Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt
-Initiative vs Guilt
Ensuring socioemotional relationships between infants and their caregivers
Attachment
4 types of attachment
-Secure attachment
-Avoidant attachment
-Resistant attachment
-Disorganized attachment
4 phases of growth in attachment
-Pre-attachment
-Attachment in the making
-True attachment
-Reciprocal relationships
At what ages do children begin to experience basic emotions?
6 months
An openness to new experiences, tempered by wariness that occurs when trust and mistrust are equal
Hope
A young child’s understanding that they can act on the world intentionally that occurs when autonomy, shame, and doubt are in balance
Will
A balance between one’s initiative and willingness to cooperate with one another
Purpose
Ensuring socioemotional relationships between infants and their caregivers
Attachment
Attachment relationship where infants trust and depend on their mothers
Secure attachment
Attachment relationship where after a brief separation, infants want to be held but hard to console
Resistant attachment
Attachment relationship where infants turn from their mothers when they are reunited upon separation
Avoidant attachment
Attachment relationship where infants do not understand what is happening when separated and then reunited
Disorganized/disoriented attachment
Infant’s understanding of how active and dependable their mother is, which influences a closer relationship
Internal working model
Humankind emotions that consists of subjective feeling, a physiological change, and an overt behavior
Basic emotions
Infant smiles when they see a human face
Social smiles
Around 6 months, infants will have the first distinct feeling of fear when wary of an unfamiliar adult
Stranger wariness
Behavior in where infants in unfamiliar environments look at an adult for cues to help them interact in the situation
Social referencing
Play where children play alone but are aware/interested in what the other child is doing
Parallel play
Play that begins in 15-18 months when talking and smiling at one another
Simple social play
Play that is organized about a theme with each child taking on a different role, starting at 2 years old
Cooperative play
Individuals’ actions and remarks that tend to support others and sustain interaction
Enabling action
Interactions where one partner attempts to be victorious by threatening or contradicting the other
Constriction actions
Any behavior that benefits another person
Pro social behavior
Pro social behavior such as helping and sharing where individual does not directly benefit from this behavior
Altruism
Experiencing another’s feelings
Empathy
Set of cultural guidelines about one’s behavior, particularly around other people
Social role
Beliefs and images about both genders that are no often true
Gender stereotypes
Aggression used to hurt others by undermining their social relationships
Relational aggression
Sense of oneself as male or female
Gender identity
Children can label themselves as a boy or girl at ages 2-3
Gender labeling
In preschool, boys understand they will become men and girls will understand they will be women
Gender stability
Children understand that one cannot change gender, based on clothes they wear or activities they do from ages 4-7
Gender constancy
Theory that states that children want to learn about an activity after deciding whether it is masculine or feminine
Gender-schema theory
