Ch.5

Question 1

Erikson’s first three stages of psychological development

Answer 1

-Basic Trust vs Mistrust
-Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt
-Initiative vs Guilt

Question 2

Ensuring socioemotional relationships between infants and their caregivers

Answer 2

Attachment

Question 3

4 types of attachment

Answer 3

-Secure attachment
-Avoidant attachment
-Resistant attachment
-Disorganized attachment

Question 4

4 phases of growth in attachment

Answer 4

-Pre-attachment
-Attachment in the making
-True attachment
-Reciprocal relationships

Question 5

At what ages do children begin to experience basic emotions?

Answer 5

6 months

Question 6

An openness to new experiences, tempered by wariness that occurs when trust and mistrust are equal

Answer 6

Hope

Question 7

A young child’s understanding that they can act on the world intentionally that occurs when autonomy, shame, and doubt are in balance

Answer 7

Will

Question 8

A balance between one’s initiative and willingness to cooperate with one another

Answer 8

Purpose

Question 9

Ensuring socioemotional relationships between infants and their caregivers

Answer 9

Attachment

Question 10

Attachment relationship where infants trust and depend on their mothers

Answer 10

Secure attachment

Question 11

Attachment relationship where after a brief separation, infants want to be held but hard to console

Answer 11

Resistant attachment

Question 12

Attachment relationship where infants turn from their mothers when they are reunited upon separation

Answer 12

Avoidant attachment

Question 13

Attachment relationship where infants do not understand what is happening when separated and then reunited

Answer 13

Disorganized/disoriented attachment

Question 14

Infant’s understanding of how active and dependable their mother is, which influences a closer relationship

Answer 14

Internal working model

Question 15

Humankind emotions that consists of subjective feeling, a physiological change, and an overt behavior

Answer 15

Basic emotions

Question 16

Infant smiles when they see a human face

Answer 16

Social smiles

Question 17

Around 6 months, infants will have the first distinct feeling of fear when wary of an unfamiliar adult

Answer 17

Stranger wariness

Question 18

Behavior in where infants in unfamiliar environments look at an adult for cues to help them interact in the situation

Answer 18

Social referencing

Question 19

Play where children play alone but are aware/interested in what the other child is doing

Answer 19

Parallel play

Question 20

Play that begins in 15-18 months when talking and smiling at one another

Answer 20

Simple social play

Question 21

Play that is organized about a theme with each child taking on a different role, starting at 2 years old

Answer 21

Cooperative play

Question 22

Individuals’ actions and remarks that tend to support others and sustain interaction

Answer 22

Enabling action

Question 23

Interactions where one partner attempts to be victorious by threatening or contradicting the other

Answer 23

Constriction actions

Question 24

Any behavior that benefits another person

Answer 24

Pro social behavior

Question 25

Pro social behavior such as helping and sharing where individual does not directly benefit from this behavior

Answer 25

Altruism

Question 26

Experiencing another’s feelings

Answer 26

Empathy

Question 27

Set of cultural guidelines about one’s behavior, particularly around other people

Answer 27

Social role

Question 28

Beliefs and images about both genders that are no often true

Answer 28

Gender stereotypes

Question 29

Aggression used to hurt others by undermining their social relationships

Answer 29

Relational aggression

Question 30

Sense of oneself as male or female

Answer 30

Gender identity

Question 31

Children can label themselves as a boy or girl at ages 2-3

Answer 31

Gender labeling

Question 32

In preschool, boys understand they will become men and girls will understand they will be women

Answer 32

Gender stability

Question 33

Children understand that one cannot change gender, based on clothes they wear or activities they do from ages 4-7

Answer 33

Gender constancy

Question 34

Theory that states that children want to learn about an activity after deciding whether it is masculine or feminine

Answer 34

Gender-schema theory