Ch.1 Flashcards
Study of people’s change and how they remain the same over time
Human development
Issue where genetic influences and environmental influences determine the kind of person you are
Nature vs nurture issue
Issue whether a developmental phenomenon represents a smooth _progression or abrupt shifts in life
Continuity vs discontinuity issue
Whether there is one path of development or several
universal and context-specific development issue
Forces involving genetic and health factors
Biological forces
Forces involving internal cognitive, emotional, and personality factors
Psychological forced
Forces involving interpersonal, societal, cultural, and ethnic factors
Sociocultural forces
Forces that reflect differences in how the same event can affect people of different ages
Life-cycle forces
Framework of organizing the biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces of development
Biopsychosocial framework
Study of the brain and nervous system, particularly the brain-behavior relationship
Neuroscience
Organized set of ideas designed to explain development
Theory
Theories that propose that development is determined by how well people resolve conflict are different ages.
Psychodynamic theories
Theory that personality development is determined by interactions of internal maturity and external society demands.
Psychosocial theories
The idea that each psychosocial strength has their own individual importance(Epi)
Epigenetic principle
Consequences of a behavior determines whether it is repeated later on
Behaviorism
Consequence that increases chances of the behavior that it follows
Reinforcement
Consequence that decreases the chance of behavior following after
Punishment
Learning that happens by watching others’ behavior
imitation or observational learning
Peoples beliefs on their own abilities
Self-efficacy
Theory that human cognition consists of mental hardware and software
Information-processing theory
Theory that human development is inseparable from environment that a human develops in
Ecological theory
The people and objects in a person’s immediate environment
Microsystem
Provides connections across Microsystems
Mesosystem
Social setting that a person may not experience in the beginning but still influences development
Ecosystem
Cultures that embeds the Microsystem, mesosystem, and exosystem
Macro system
Ones ability
Competence
Demands put onto a person by the environment
Enviromental press
View that development is multiply determined and cannot be understood within the perspective of a single framework(LSP)
Life-span perspective
Model where three processes (SOC) form a system that generates and regulates aging
selective optimization with compensation (SOC) model
Where various generations experience the forces of development in their historical context
Life-course perspective
Watching people and recording their actions and talks
Systemic observation
Technique where people are observed when behaved spontaneously in a real situation
Naturalistic observation
Researchers creating a situation to spark a preferred behavior(SO)
Structured observation
People’s answers to questions about the topic of interest
Self-reports
Extent to where a measure provides consistent information about a characteristic
Reliability
Extent to where a measure assesses what researchers think it assesses
Validity
Broad groups of people that researchers study
Populations
Subset of a population
Sample
Investigation that looks at similarities between two variables as they exist in the world
Correlational study
Expression of strength and direction between two variables
Correlation coefficient
Systemic way of manipulating key factors that is believes to be the cause of a certain behavior
Experiment
The factor being manipulated
Independent variable
The factor being observed
Dependent variable
Method that involves gaining close understanding of human behavior and what causes it
Qualitative research
Method where two of the same individuals are observed/tested repeatedly at different points in time
Longitudinal study
Study where developmental differences are identified by testing different aged people
Cross-sectional study
Problems with cross-sectional designs where different age groups may result easily from environment rather than from development process
Cohort effects
Research designs based on cross-sectional design and longitudinal design
Sequential design
Cells that generate different functioned cells
Stem cells
