Ch.1

Question 1

Study of people’s change and how they remain the same over time

Answer 1

Human development

Question 2

Issue where genetic influences and environmental influences determine the kind of person you are

Answer 2

Nature vs nurture issue

Question 3

Issue whether a developmental phenomenon represents a smooth _progression or abrupt shifts in life

Answer 3

Continuity vs discontinuity issue

Question 4

Whether there is one path of development or several

Answer 4

universal and context-specific development issue

Question 5

Forces involving genetic and health factors

Answer 5

Biological forces

Question 6

Forces involving internal cognitive, emotional, and personality factors

Answer 6

Psychological forced

Question 7

Forces involving interpersonal, societal, cultural, and ethnic factors

Answer 7

Sociocultural forces

Question 8

Forces that reflect differences in how the same event can affect people of different ages

Answer 8

Life-cycle forces

Question 9

Framework of organizing the biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces of development

Answer 9

Biopsychosocial framework

Question 10

Study of the brain and nervous system, particularly the brain-behavior relationship

Answer 10

Neuroscience

Question 11

Organized set of ideas designed to explain development

Answer 11

Theory

Question 12

Theories that propose that development is determined by how well people resolve conflict are different ages.

Answer 12

Psychodynamic theories

Question 13

Theory that personality development is determined by interactions of internal maturity and external society demands.

Answer 13

Psychosocial theories

Question 14

The idea that each psychosocial strength has their own individual importance(Epi)

Answer 14

Epigenetic principle

Question 15

Consequences of a behavior determines whether it is repeated later on

Answer 15

Behaviorism

Question 16

Consequence that increases chances of the behavior that it follows

Answer 16

Reinforcement

Question 17

Consequence that decreases the chance of behavior following after

Answer 17

Punishment

Question 18

Learning that happens by watching others’ behavior

Answer 18

imitation or observational learning

Question 19

Peoples beliefs on their own abilities

Answer 19

Self-efficacy

Question 20

Theory that human cognition consists of mental hardware and software

Answer 20

Information-processing theory

Question 21

Theory that human development is inseparable from environment that a human develops in

Answer 21

Ecological theory

Question 22

The people and objects in a person’s immediate environment

Answer 22

Microsystem

Question 23

Provides connections across Microsystems

Answer 23

Mesosystem

Question 24

Social setting that a person may not experience in the beginning but still influences development

Answer 24

Ecosystem

Question 25

Cultures that embeds the Microsystem, mesosystem, and exosystem

Answer 25

Macro system

Question 26

Ones ability

Answer 26

Competence

Question 27

Demands put onto a person by the environment

Answer 27

Enviromental press

Question 28

View that development is multiply determined and cannot be understood within the perspective of a single framework(LSP)

Answer 28

Life-span perspective

Question 29

Model where three processes (SOC) form a system that generates and regulates aging

Answer 29

selective optimization with compensation (SOC) model

Question 30

Where various generations experience the forces of development in their historical context

Answer 30

Life-course perspective

Question 31

Watching people and recording their actions and talks

Answer 31

Systemic observation

Question 32

Technique where people are observed when behaved spontaneously in a real situation

Answer 32

Naturalistic observation

Question 33

Researchers creating a situation to spark a preferred behavior(SO)

Answer 33

Structured observation

Question 34

People's answers to questions about the topic of interest

Answer 34

Self-reports

Question 35

Extent to where a measure provides consistent information about a characteristic

Answer 35

Reliability

Question 36

Extent to where a measure assesses what researchers think it assesses

Answer 36

Validity

Question 37

Broad groups of people that researchers study

Answer 37

Populations

Question 38

Subset of a population

Answer 38

Sample

Question 39

Investigation that looks at similarities between two variables as they exist in the world

Answer 39

Correlational study

Question 40

Expression of strength and direction between two variables

Answer 40

Correlation coefficient

Question 41

Systemic way of manipulating key factors that is believes to be the cause of a certain behavior

Answer 41

Experiment

Question 42

The factor being manipulated

Answer 42

Independent variable

Question 43

The factor being observed

Answer 43

Dependent variable

Question 44

Method that involves gaining close understanding of human behavior and what causes it

Answer 44

Qualitative research

Question 45

Method where two of the same individuals are observed/tested repeatedly at different points in time

Answer 45

Longitudinal study

Question 46

Study where developmental differences are identified by testing different aged people

Answer 46

Cross-sectional study

Question 47

Problems with cross-sectional designs where different age groups may result easily from environment rather than from development process

Answer 47

Cohort effects

Question 48

Research designs based on cross-sectional design and longitudinal design

Answer 48

Sequential design

Question 49

Cells that generate different functioned cells

Answer 49

Stem cells